May 2, 2012 ( 时间写在右上角 Dear Lucy,
Next Monday is my 20th birthday. Imagine, there are already twenty years behind me! No wonder I feel old! My parents are giving a dinner party to mark the party. The first person they wish to invite is you, my childhood pal. Indeed, all of those 20 years are more or less associated with you. We'll be expecting you any time after six.
See you then. Yours, XXX ( 落款写在右下角,标点是逗号
这本书从家庭、教育、宗教三个维度来阐述文化和结构对我们的影响。
对于家庭而言,现代社会最大的改变就是,工作已经脱离家庭转入公共经济领域,学校取代了家庭发挥越来越重要的社会化角色作用。现在,家庭正在变得日益私人化。
从社会学的角度来说,更关注家庭的功能而不是家庭是什么来定义家庭。建立在爱情和情感基础上的后现代家庭,有别于历史上的制度家庭、伙伴家庭,承载着两个主要的功能:社会联络功能和个人需要功能。社会联络功能涉及家庭和社会的关系:我们通过家庭传承社会地位,和谁组建新的家庭,在家庭中学会语言、与人交往甚至基础的生活技能。例如,不同家庭类型的人,对于“长大后我想成为怎样的人”而不同。非洲酋长家的孩子也许是做个好的酋长,家族企业的继承人更大概率去考虑如何运营企业,而普通家庭的孩子,则是在思考“如何找个好工作”。
而个人需要功能包括家庭成员的生理需要和情感需要。历史上,存在过通过多生孩子来提高家庭生产力,从而得到更多的生活用品。而现代,家庭已经能够满足我们的基础需要,并且生孩子在时间和金钱上的花费,越来越高昂,正如我们所看到的,发达国家的生育率越来越低。
像我们父母一辈的,很少将家庭事务如带孩子、清洁卫生、收拾屋子外包,家庭甚至通过像一起聚餐、一起打扫卫生来实现家庭情感的沟通。而后现代社会,由于工作日益影响家庭生活的投入,我们不得不面临很多的问题:如何兼顾工作和家庭。因此,我们看到组织家庭的方式都在发生剧变,而这一切都是不可避免。
教育更是影响我们的机会和选择。作者作为一个大学教授,直言不讳的指出:教育能力可以克制资源获取上的差异,同时也掩盖了我们丧失机会的程度,并由此帮助维持了现状。简单的说,从小沉浸在大学教授家庭的孩子比普通家庭里的孩子更容易理解认知策略中的概率论。
Dear Ms.Smith,
I'm Li Hua,Chair of the Student Union of Yucai Middle School,which is close to your university.I'm writing to invite you to be a judge at our English speech contest to be held in our school on June 15. It will start at 2:00 pm and last for about three hours. Ten students will deliver their speeches on the given topic "Man and Nature".We hope that you will accpet our invitation if it is convenient for you.please call me at 44876655 if you have any questions. I am looking forward to your reply.
With best wishes,
Li Hua
Dear Mr.
Please accept my resignation as associate chemist at the GERT Institute. I plan to leave my job here on September 30, 19–, taking a few days of annual leave just prior to that effective date. As you know, my primary interest has been in the oil and gas industry. Therefore, I’ve accepted a position with Fury Refining, Inc., that should put me back in touch with my “first love.” Although I’m eager to accept the challenges in this new position, I regret leaving the institute. You and the organization as a whole have treated me very well over the past three years. I won’t forget the friendship and professional growth I’ve experienced as an employee here. Best wishes to all of you for years of expansion here.
Sincerely,
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