有些材料不一定新鲜,但如果考生能别出心裁,从另一角度进行开拓,也能提出新的见解、新的观点。运用发散思维,能开拓思路,扩展视野;运用逆向思维,则能推陈出新。2010年高考语文安徽卷作文以诗“交流四水抱城斜,散作千溪遍万家。深处种菱浅种稻,不深不浅种荷花”为材料。可根据的后两句体现“因地制宜”的规律,联想到因人制宜、因事制宜、因文制宜,因国制宜,因楼制宜,因价制宜等。也可从水的角度构思,水抱城郭,深处可种菱,浅出可种稻,不深不浅处可种荷花,无水的岸边可住人家。水有上善之德,泰勒说:“水是万物本源。”水影响了整个生态和世界的变迁,由此还可以联想到一切作为本源的东西,如炎黄、风***、儒家文化圈等。还可从美的`角度立意,本诗用明白简练的语言描绘了吴兴的美景,“美”是从阅读整诗的感受的角度提炼出来的哲理。马克思主义美学观认为“美是主客体的和谐统一”,即“和谐为美”。可以联想五官和谐之美、自然和谐之美、人际和谐之美、国家和谐之美、和谐世界理念。不和谐的是强拆、污染、贸易战争、世界霸权等。
星期天,妈妈有事出去,我做完作业,闲着没事干,就帮妈妈打扫起家务。
我先用一块湿毛巾擦窗户,我左擦,右擦,上擦,下擦,可还是擦不干净,我灵机一动,用洗衣粉不就行吗?于是我用洗衣粉的水把毛巾浸湿,又开始擦起来,果然不出我所料,真的比原来干净许多,可是上面我总觉的还有几道白色的条纹,我又用一块干毛巾擦起来,经过一番努力,窗户变得又干净又明亮,终于擦完。
然后,我再用一块含有洗衣粉水的湿毛巾去擦桌子,我原以为桌子上没上面脏东西,可使劲一擦,却有一处很难擦的油渍,我左思右想,就是想不出对付它的方法。突然,我又想气洗洁精,我挤一点,涂在清洁球上,用力擦几下,咦?油渍真得不见,我擦完桌子,又急急忙忙地去拖地。
我把拖把撒上几点洗衣粉,在放到水里浸蚀,我用拖把绕着正方形的样子拖起来,没几分钟就搞定
啊!想想干家务活多累呀,不止这一天,妈妈每天都这样子,我应该帮妈妈分担一下,但我也一定要好好学习,将来做一个有出息的人!
一、何为“折衷观点”和“折衷方案”。
很多雅思写作考题的提问方式都是“Do you agree or disagree?”或者“To what extent do you agree or disagree?”。很多刚刚接触雅思的学生甚至是老师认为对于这种提问方式无非就是yes或no两种答案,所以文章的观点也就只能是同意或者不同意了。其实,对于这类提问,也可以采用“折衷”的观点,即“partly agree,partly disagree”(部分同意,部分不同意)。但是前提是一定要在文章中从支持和反对的两方面都阐述一些理由,而且最好再提出一种“折衷”方案。例如,考题问“现在很多人用动物做试验,你同意吗?”,考生可以在文中分别讨论支持和反对动物试验的理由,最后提出动物试验既有好处也有坏处,这就是一种“折衷”观点。除此之外,作者还提出了是否能用动物来做试验主要是取决于试验是否能给人类生活带来显著的改善(比如帮助人类发明治疗Aids的药物),这就属于“折衷”方案。
二、“折衷观点”和“折衷方案”的几种形式。
那么如何提出“折衷观点”呢?“折衷方案”又有哪几种形式呢?下面笔者将对常见的几种安排折衷观点和折衷方案的\'形式,结合相应的考题进行总结。
(1) 兴利除弊
“兴利除弊”应该是一种比较简单的折衷方案,在优缺点类文章中特别常用。即在分析完考题所涉及事物的优缺点之后,在结尾段提出“优缺点都有,我们要兴利除弊”这样的折衷方案。例如以下考题:
The advantages brought by the spread of English as a “global language” will outweigh the disadvantages. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this view?
在讨论完英语作为全球性语言的利与弊之后,结尾段可以这样提出折衷观点:
To sum up, it is difficult to tell whether or not the advantages outweigh the disadvantages regarding the spread of English as a global language. What we may have to consider is how to accept this trend as positive while at the same time staying away from its drawbacks.
(2) 平衡发展
很多考题需要考生讨论两种观点,通常会有“discuss both views and give your own opinion”这样的提问要求。很多情况下,文中说到的两种观点表面上看来是完全相反,但其实并不矛盾,可以用“平衡发展”的思路来提出观点。例如考题:
Some people think that cultural traditions may be destroyed when they are used as money-making attractions aimed at tourists. Others believe it is the only way to save these traditions. Discuss on both sides and give your opinion.
在讨论完发展旅游的必要性和保护文化传统的重要性之后,结尾段可以这样提出折衷方案:
We should find the right balance between tourism development and cultural protection and I believe the government has a very important role to play here. In my own country, for example, many tourist cities have made effective development plans to successfully attract large numbers of visitors while still preserving their distinct cultural traditions.
(3) 取决于……
有时在讨论完A和B两种观点以后,可以提出类似于“同意A还是B要取决于……”这样的折衷观点,前文讲到的动物试验是否可以进行取决于试验的性质就是属于这样的方案。再比如下面这个例子:
Some people think that the animals should be treated as pets; others think that animals are sources of food and clothing. What is your opinion?
在讨论完动物当宠物养的理由和动物当食物吃的理由之后,结尾段可以这样提出观点:
From my point of view, there is no absolute answer as to whether animals should be treated like pets or as sources of food and clothes. It largely depends on what kinds of animals they are. But what remains undoubted is that we should treat animals with a humane attitude and bear in mind that they are important in preserving nature’s ecological equilibrium.
(4) 解决方法
很多双边讨论型文章中所讨论的两种观点其实是可以通过某种方案来“化解矛盾”的,例如这道考题:
In many countries, good schools and medical facilities are available only in cities. Some people think new teachers and doctors should wok in rural areas for a few years, but others think everyone should be free to choose where they work. Discuss and give your own opinion.
在讨论完“支边”的利(缩小城乡差距)与弊(年轻人丧失自由)之后,我们可以提出这样一种解决方案:
The best solution, therefore, is not to order, but to encourage. We should instill a sense of responsibility in young people and give more incentives to those who are willing to work in difficult areas, so that we can address the problem of urban-rural disparity while respecting whatever decisions new teachers or doctors have made.
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