1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
如今的生活,在每一个角落都可以发现拔地而起的高楼,而以往的平房在慢慢地减少。社会越来越繁华昌盛了,但是在生活中,邻里之间的关系正在渐渐淡化。
有一次我漫步在回家的路上,道路两旁的树叶像精灵一般悠然飘下。一阵暖风吹来,我的脸颊被和风抚摸,倍感温暖。正当我沉浸在这种欢乐之中时,身后却传来了一阵打闹欢笑的声音——那是我的邻居,一对父子。我们虽然是邻居,但是我对他们的印象却格外生疏。看到他们,我不由地加快了步伐,头也不抬,想要尽快离开他们,逃亡般地跑到电梯门前,我飞速的用手敲击着关门按钮,不想和他们见面。不料,那孩子一把打开了电梯,怔怔的站着看着我。我感到十分尴尬,直到他爸爸上了电梯后,气氛虽有所缓和,但我们彼此什么也没说……
下了电梯之后,我认为邻里之间的关系,不应该像一张白纸一样,显得空白、冷清,没有色彩;而应该如火如炎,显得热闹、火热,光亮耀人。所以,我决定拿起自己的蜡笔,给邻里之间添上色彩。
第二天早上,我有打开了电梯的门,里面站着一名老师,我今天不同寻常地,洪亮地叫了一声“老师,早上好!”那个老师身体颤了一下,满脸的惊奇,但随后又绽放出了我从未见过的笑容,欣慰的点头应了一下。在下楼的过程,5楼的叔叔上电梯了、4楼的爷爷拄着拐上来了、三楼的小朋友也蹦了进来。在电梯里,邻里之间说说笑笑,好像从未如此畅谈过,孩子和老人都有喜欢的话题,以往一片死寂的电梯里,洋溢的是邻里之间欢乐的音浪、热闹的火云和繁杂的话雨。
邻里之间的关系被涂成了蓝色、红色、青色。在这一张名为“邻里之间”的白色画纸,在我的涂鸦之下,各位都逐渐在这张纸上画下自己的所属的颜色,从而使其充实、灿烂、鲜艳起来!
Last Sunday, Jim went out to fly a kite. The kite flew highly in the sky. Jim ran with it happily.
Suddenly the line was broken and the kite flew away. Soon it disappeared. Where was it?
Jim had no idea. So he had to run here and there to look for the kite. At last he saw it on the top of the tree. He tried to get it down. But he couldn’t. He felt sad.
导入:
第1段:提出一种现象或某种困难作为议论的话题
正文:
第2段:Many ways can help to solve this serious problem, but the following may be most effective. First of all... Another way to solve the problem is ... Finally...(列出2~3个解决此类问题的办法
结论:
第3段:These are not the best but the only two/ three measures we can take. But it should be noted that we should take action to...(强调解决此类问题的根本方法
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