小学生游记作文框架(游记小学满分作文)

小学生游记作文框架(游记小学满分作文)

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小学生游记作文框架(游记小学满分作文)

小学生游记作文框架【一】

吃完午饭后,我们来到了善卷洞,洞里是黑漆漆的一片。我们首先上了云梯,来到了“云海”,里面有许许多多奇形怪状的而又颜色鲜艳还是一个个动物造型的石头。其中,最让我记忆犹新的是“鹰笑痴熊”的那块巨石。这块石头讲的是一只老鹰在笑一只爬了一千年树的一只熊,这只痴熊爬了一千年还是没有爬上那块石头,可怜啊可怜。我们还来到了水晶宫,在那里,我们坐在了一条船上,开船了,教练说要让我们刺激一番,于是他站了起来,左右摇晃,船便被带动摇晃了起来,左倾右斜地让我们连连惊叫,好几次差点翻船。下船后,我们一个个坐在地上,双腿发软,嘴上却一个劲地喊“刺激,过瘾!教练,我们强烈要求再玩一遍!”接着我们来到了400米高的滑道,那些未满三年级的“狗熊们”及其家长们和女教练全去到上面去坐索道,而我们这些“英雄”全都坐上了滑道。(本人刚刚三年级毕业。)我抬头看了看索道,真可谓:“扶摇直上九霄天,飘然下落神仙境”啊!

后来我们还玩了好些游戏,其中在拔河比赛中,我们车队获得了第二名,我们队员人人都奖到了一个漂亮的笔袋,真不容易埃我们的最后一个活动站点是到“天下第一陶吧”去做陶瓷,我做了一对天敌——蛇与鼠,分别送给我的两个好朋友。

唉,教练在催我上车了,我得溜了,拜拜,我溜!宜兴,我还会再回来的。

小学生游记作文框架【二】

翻译是受关联理论影响最大的学科之一。德国学者Gutt认为,翻译是一种言语交际行为,是与大脑机制密切联系的推理过程,它不仅涉及语码,更重要的是根据语境进行动态的推理,而推理的依据就是关联性。关联性就是制约翻译的基本原则,翻译的成功与否在于原交际者的目的和读者(听者)的要求在认知环境方面与原文相似。关联理论引入翻译研究,对翻译理论和实践都具有指导意义。

美国著名语言学家、翻译理论权威尤金·奈达博士也认为:“翻译就是交际。”他指出,信息如果不能被读者接受则丧失其交际作用,而译文如果起不到交际作用,不能为读者所理解,就是不合格的。

原作者和译者都是通过交际意图把信息告诉各自的读者,因此,要做到忠实于原作者的交际意图,这就需要译者首先要理解原文,并根据关联原则找到各种信息的最佳关联,获得最佳的语境效果,最终做出一个最能体现原作者交际意图的译文。成功的译文是使译文读者可以不必花费较多的努力就能获得与原文读者相同的语境效果,并能准确地理解原作者的交际意图。

关联理论把翻译看作是一个交际过程,而翻译过程包含作者与译者之间的交际和译者与读者之间的交际这两个交际过程。因此,译者不仅要有准确理解作者交际意图的能力,还应充分考虑译文环境下译文读者的认知能力,帮助译文读者找到与译文语境之间的最佳关联,达到最佳交际效果。译者作为原文的读者接受来自原文本的信息,这些信息提供的动态语境与译者的认知语境相结合,产生译者对原文本的理解。在理解过程中,译者运用自己的语言知识和推理能力努力达到对原文作者意图的最接近的理解,从而做到对原文的“忠实”。然而,译文忠实于原文的程度依赖于译者对译文读者的了解。如果译者不顾译文读者的认知语境和知识结构,将原文原封不动地呈现给译文读者,只会使译文读者不知所云,导致交际失败。例如,如果把“Every family is said to have at least one skeleton in the cupboard。”直译为“据说家家户户的壁橱里至少都藏着一具骷髅。”就会使译文读者困惑不解。此译文只是对原文的表面意思做了传达,并未传达原文的真实意义,对于不了解西方文化背景的译文读者来说就很难以理解。然而。如果将其翻译为“常言道:壁橱里藏骷髅,丑事家家有。”这样,译者就找到了原文与译文语境的最佳关联,译文也更易被中国读者所接受,译者就达到了完成作者与译文读者之间最佳交际的目的。

译者作为原作者和译文读者之间的桥梁,其主要任务是保证两者之间交际的成功。为了保证原文作者和译文读者之间交际的成功,译者可以采取各种翻译策略来帮助译文读者找到原文与译文语境的最佳关联,达到最佳的交际效果。因此,译文读者在这一交际过程中的角色是不容忽视的。译者需要对译文读者的`认知结构和知识结构有充分的了解,做出准确的判断,对译文的表达方式做出适合译文读者的选择。如对《红楼梦》中的谚语“谋事在人,成事在天”的翻译,霍克斯直接引用英语谚语“Man proposes,God disposes。”撇开原作中的佛教色彩,使译作带上了基督教色彩,从而使原文作者曹雪芹向译文读者靠近。

翻译是语际意义的转换,意义问题是翻译的核心问题。在翻译过程中,既要重视语言本身,也要重视在不同的语境中语言所要表达的真正含义。语境在关联理论中又称为语境假设,不仅包括上下文和说话时的社会环境,还包括百科知识和当时感知的信息,这些信息并不构成一个单一的语境,而是一系列语境。在话语理解中,人们只是选取某一特定语境对信息进行推理。交际能否顺利进行,主要看听话者能否选择正确的语境。Sperber和Wilson提出了动态的语境观。语境不是静态的,而是在话语理解过程中不断选择的结果。很多情况下,交际者的交际意图可能会和话语的字面意思不一致甚至相反,这就要求听话者结合自己的认知结构和百科知识及推理能力找到与说话者的话语信息相关的语境假设,通过推理正确的判断说话者的交际意图。例如:“She is a fox。”译文有“她是只狐狸”、“她是个狐狸精”或“她是个时尚迷人的女人”在中英文化中,“狐狸”都可以与狡猾、诡计多端的人联系在一起,但当“狐狸”与女性联系在一起,汉语与英语就有了不同的文化色彩。如果译者不了解中英不同的文化语境,按照中国人的认知思维,把fox翻译成“狐狸精”,那无疑是错误的,因为在英语中,它指的是时髦迷人的女子。因此,译者应该对原语进行文化推理,获得最佳的语境效果才能得出准确的译文,达到交际的目的。

小学生游记作文框架【三】

首先,我们来到了柯岩。那里有很多雕塑,有大禹、王羲之……。我们乘着乌篷船来到了鲁镇。那里保存了很多古建筑。有祠堂、当铺、米行……,我边玩边听大人们在谈论一个人——鲁迅。而我对鲁迅也有一点了解,知道他在书桌上刻了一个早字。吃过中饭,我们就来到了鲁迅的故居。我和小伙伴迫不及待地寻找着三位书屋,寻找那个“早”字。穿过一个暗暗的走廊,我们就来到了三味书屋。看到了墙角那个鲁迅的'书桌,因为那个“早”字太远,只能在外面的照片上看看。爸爸问我鲁迅为什么要刻“早”。我说他为了不再迟到。爸爸笑着说:“你只说对了一半,他要提醒自己以后做任何事都要早作安排,提早完成!”我终于明白了这个早字的意思。之后我们又看到了百草园,鲁迅的房间等。

星期天,我们游玩了蒋介石的故居后回到了常熟。

绍兴山清水秀,还有那么多名人的故居,以后我还要去玩。

小学生游记作文框架【四】

(1) 不同观点列举型( 选择型 )

There is a widespread concern over the issue that __题目_____. But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person. A majority of people think that _ 观点一________. In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows: in the first place, ___原因一_______.Furthermore, in the second place, ___原因二_____. So it goes without saying that ___观点一_____.

People, however, differ in their opinions on this matter. Some people hold the idea that ___观点二_______. In their point of view, on the one hand, ___原因一_______. On the other hand, ____原因二_____. Therefore, there is no doubt that ___观点二______.

As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that __观点一或二______. It is not only because ________, but also because _________. The more _______, the more ________.

(2)利弊型的`议论文

Nowadays, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)___作文题目

______. In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题_____. Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspects as follows. Firstly, ___优点一______. And secondly ___优点二_____.

Just As a popular saying goes, "every coin has two sides", __讨论议题______ is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects. To begin with, ___缺点一______. In addition, ____ 缺点二______.

To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of __讨论议题____ into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time. In that case, we will definitely make a better use of the ____讨论议题___.

(3)答题性议论文

Currently, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)__作文题目_______ .It is really an important concern to every one of us. As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.

As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this problem. First of all, __途径一______. In addition, anotheer way contributing to success of the solving problem is ___途径二_____.

Above all, to solve the problem of ___作文题目______, we should find a

number of various ways. But as far as I am concerned, I would prefer to solve the problem in this way, that is to say, ____方法_____.

(4) 谚语警句性议论文

It is well know to us that the proverb: " ___谚语_______" has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our study. It means ____谚语的含义_______. The saying can be illustrated through a series of examples as follows. ( also theoretically )

A case in point is ___例子一______. Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____谚语_____.

As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that __观点一或二_.

Itis not only because ________, but also because _________. The more _______, the more ________.

(2)利弊型的议论文

目______. In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题

_____. Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspJust As a popular saying goes, "every coin has two sides",is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects. To begin with,To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of 讨论议题

into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time.

( 3 答题性议论文

Currently, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that作文题目_______ .It is really an important concern to every one of us. As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.

As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this pr______, we should find a number of various ways. But as far as I am concern

( 4 谚语警句性议论文

语 has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our stu. ( also theoretically

______. Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____ With the rapid development of science and technology in China, an increasing number of people come to realize that it is also of practical use to stick to the saying: ____谚语

_____. The more we are aware of the significance of this famous saying, the more benefits we will get in our daily study and job..

★★★图表作文的框架

as is shown/indicated/illustrated by the figure/percentage in the _____ has been on rise/ decrease (goesup/increases/drops/decreases,significantly/dramatically/steadily rising/decreasing from______ in _______ to ______ in _____. From the sharp/marked decline/ rise in the chart, it goes without saying that ________.

There are at least two good reasons accounting for ______. On the one hand, ________. On the other hand, _______ is due to the fact that ________. In addition, ________ is responsible for _______. Maybe there are some other reasons to

show ________. But it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly convincing.

As far as I am concerned,

I hold the point of view that _______. I am sure my opinion is both sound and well-grounded.

小学生游记作文框架【五】

Sperber和Wilson主张用“关联原则”来解释人类的交际。他们认为,语言交际是一个认知过程,交际双方之所以能够配合默契,是因为有一个最佳的认知模式,即“关联”。关联由两个因素决定:语境效果和心智努力。人类认知活动的目标就是在认知过程中力图以最小的心智努力获得最大的语境效果。为了达到这个目标,人们必须把注意力集中于最为“关联”的信息,以获取信息和语境的最佳关联。最佳关联是指在话语理解时以一定的心智努力获得足够的语境效果。

交际是否成功关键在于人对事物之间的联系或关联的认识。人类在认知过程中往往以最大关联为取向,但在实际交际过程中我们只能期待产生一个最佳关联,即听者在理解话语时用最小的认知努力获得足够的语境效果,并以交际为取向。关联理论认为语境是一个在互动过程中为了正确理解话语而存在于人们大脑中的一系列假设,所以关联理论的语境不限于现实环境中的情景或话语本身的语境,交际中的语境不是固定不变的,而是动态的。而最佳的语境效果是由明示——推理模式提供的。明示,即说话人明白无误地表达出自己的意图;推理,即听话人从说话人提供的信息中推断出说话人暗含的意图。其中,听话人的推理是理解话语的核心,而关联则是听话人推理的基础。对话语进行推理就是在话语与语境假设之间寻找一种关联,关联选取得当就会获得足够的语境效果,有了语境效果,就能正确理解话语,使交际获得成功。

小学生游记作文框架【六】

泰山为五岳之首,又名岱山,海拔一千五百四十五米.在这个黄金周我有幸登上了泰山。

我们开车来到泰安市,在泰安市吃过早饭便来到了天外村,把车停到停车场。随后买票进入泰山。

在蜿蜒起伏的山路上坐了十几分钟的车到达了中天门。我抬头仰望泰山,泰山山势高峻挺拔;山峰连绵起伏;清澈的泉水从山上流淌下来;石头千姿百态;山花烂漫;松柏苍翠欲滴…… 我暗下决心:一定要登上泰山,去欣赏山上那美丽的风景!

我们从中天门出发,我们爬呀,爬呀,望着眼前的石阶,仿佛爬不完似的。我看到其他游客气喘吁吁,大汗淋漓的样子,心里不仅担心:我能爬上去吗?正在这时,一位拄着拐杖,年纪约七十多岁的老奶奶从我身旁走过,既然一位花甲老人都不放弃,那被人们称为刚出生的太阳的我又怎能放弃!特别是看到几位叔叔光着脚丫,拎着皮鞋,我特感动!我擦了擦汗,喝了点水,又开始了。一边爬山,一边欣赏风景,峭壁的石头上有许多古代、现代的名人的书法,他们的字苍劲有力,各有千秋。终于到了十八盘,十八盘是泰山最险峻的一段路,十八盘过后便到了南天门,之后是玉皇顶。我们一鼓作气向前“冲”,终于攀上了玉皇顶,我俯视泰山四周,其他的山峰好象在我们脚下。这时,起雾了,雾好像一层薄纱环绕在泰山的四周,,在我看来,一切都那样渺小。我们来到日观峰,日观峰是欣赏泰山日出的绝佳场所。我们乘缆车下山,从空中欣赏泰山,脚下的泰山显得那样安静!那样美丽!

我们在中天门下了缆车,坐上汽车下山了。再次仰望泰山,泰山在薄雾的映衬下

显得更加俊秀挺拔!我想:泰山!我下一次还要攀登到顶峰!

小学生游记作文框架【七】

关联理论强大的解释力为翻译研究提供了一个理论框架。在此框架下,从认知角度对翻译过程进行描写,把翻译过程看作是原者—译者—读者之间的两个交际过程,在动态语境中找出各种信息之间的最佳关联,对真实交际意图做作出推理,从而能够全面、科学的阐释话语理解,达到翻译这一交际的目的。

参考文献:

[1]Gutt,Ernst—August。Translation and Relevance:Cognition and Context[M]。Oxford:Blackwell,1991。

[2]Sperber,D。& Wilson,D。Relevance:Communication and Cognition[M]。Oxford: Blackwell,1986。

[3]苗兴伟。关联理论对语篇连贯性的解释[J]。外语教学与研究,1999,(3)。

[4]蒋坚松,黄振定。语言与翻译研究[M]。北京:中国社会科学出版社,2000。

[5]曾文雄。语用翻译学研究[M]。武汉:武汉大学出版社,2007。

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