《捕捉儿童敏感期》一书是资深幼儿教育专家孙瑞雪所编著,该书收录了200年多个孩子敏感期的真实案例,通俗易懂,孙瑞雪针对每个不同个案均作了点评,全面深入地揭示敏感期这一生命现象,引领读者了解儿童成长的规律,从而使孩子顺利通过敏感期,让每个孩子在爱和自由中健康成长。
所谓敏感期,是指在0—6岁的成长过程中,儿童受内在生命力的驱使,在某个时间段内,专心吸收环境中的某一事物的特质,并不断重复实践的过程。顺利通过一个敏感期后,儿童的心智水平便从一个层面上升到另一个层面。看起来这本书很适合幼儿园的老师看,可是该书中提到:敏感期得到充分发展的孩子,头脑清楚、思维开阔、安全感强、能深入理解事物的特征和本质。0—6岁的儿童,如果敏感期没有得到良好的发展,到了6—12岁还会有弥补的机会,但是,这有个前提,那就是6—12岁期间,儿童必须有一个充满爱和自由的成长环境。现实是,在学习压力下,这个年龄段的孩子得到的心理帮助和关怀非常的少。
而且我们会发现,自己对儿童的密码了解的太少,只是在用自己的思维,成人的价值观来判断孩子的行为,不知道自己其实是严重破坏了孩子自我发展的探索行为。有的孩子问什么会蛮不讲理,因为在执拗敏感期的那段时间里,家长没有耐心的疏导,认为是孩子任性,对孩子没有很好的理解、变通……有问题的儿童,如多动的、痴呆的、焦虑的、自闭的等儿童,正是他们的探索活动被严重阻碍而造成的。
读完书我们就可以发现,小学阶段有些孩子出现的问题都是因为他的敏感期因为被打扰所以滞后了。关系到小学阶段的有这几个敏感期:
(1) 不同观点列举型( 选择型 )
There is a widespread concern over the issue that __题目_____. But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person. A majority of people think that _ 观点一________. In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows: in the first place, ___原因一_______.Furthermore, in the second place, ___原因二_____. So it goes without saying that ___观点一_____.
People, however, differ in their opinions on this matter. Some people hold the idea that ___观点二_______. In their point of view, on the one hand, ___原因一_______. On the other hand, ____原因二_____. Therefore, there is no doubt that ___观点二______.
As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that __观点一或二______. It is not only because ________, but also because _________. The more _______, the more ________.
(2)利弊型的`议论文
Nowadays, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)___作文题目
______. In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题_____. Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspects as follows. Firstly, ___优点一______. And secondly ___优点二_____.
Just As a popular saying goes, "every coin has two sides", __讨论议题______ is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects. To begin with, ___缺点一______. In addition, ____ 缺点二______.
To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of __讨论议题____ into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time. In that case, we will definitely make a better use of the ____讨论议题___.
(3)答题性议论文
Currently, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)__作文题目_______ .It is really an important concern to every one of us. As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.
As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this problem. First of all, __途径一______. In addition, anotheer way contributing to success of the solving problem is ___途径二_____.
Above all, to solve the problem of ___作文题目______, we should find a
number of various ways. But as far as I am concerned, I would prefer to solve the problem in this way, that is to say, ____方法_____.
(4) 谚语警句性议论文
It is well know to us that the proverb: " ___谚语_______" has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our study. It means ____谚语的含义_______. The saying can be illustrated through a series of examples as follows. ( also theoretically )
A case in point is ___例子一______. Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____谚语_____.
As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that __观点一或二_.
Itis not only because ________, but also because _________. The more _______, the more ________.
(2)利弊型的议论文
目______. In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题
_____. Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspJust As a popular saying goes, "every coin has two sides",is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects. To begin with,To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of 讨论议题
into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time.
( 3 答题性议论文
Currently, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that作文题目_______ .It is really an important concern to every one of us. As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.
As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this pr______, we should find a number of various ways. But as far as I am concern
( 4 谚语警句性议论文
语 has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our stu. ( also theoretically
______. Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____ With the rapid development of science and technology in China, an increasing number of people come to realize that it is also of practical use to stick to the saying: ____谚语
_____. The more we are aware of the significance of this famous saying, the more benefits we will get in our daily study and job..
★★★图表作文的框架
as is shown/indicated/illustrated by the figure/percentage in the _____ has been on rise/ decrease (goesup/increases/drops/decreases,significantly/dramatically/steadily rising/decreasing from______ in _______ to ______ in _____. From the sharp/marked decline/ rise in the chart, it goes without saying that ________.
There are at least two good reasons accounting for ______. On the one hand, ________. On the other hand, _______ is due to the fact that ________. In addition, ________ is responsible for _______. Maybe there are some other reasons to
show ________. But it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly convincing.
As far as I am concerned,
I hold the point of view that _______. I am sure my opinion is both sound and well-grounded.
It is well know to us that the proverb: " ___谚语_______" has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our study. It means ____谚语的含义_______. The saying can be illustrated through a series of examples as follows. ( also theoretically
A case in point is ___例子一______. Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____谚语_____.
With the rapid development of science and technology in China, an increasing number of people come to realize that it is also of practical use to stick to the saying: ____谚语_____. The more we are aware of the significance of this famous saying, the more benefits we will get in our daily study and job..
这本书我很喜欢,之前看过电子版,但觉得看电子版书没有买书回来看感觉好,买书回来读不仅家人可以共读而且想拿到那里读都可以,不用总盯着电脑眼睛也会觉得舒服很多。
燃宝真的长大了,自可以一个人玩,发现一样东西就可以反复玩很久,晚上他做在椅子上画画,我就坐在一边看这本书,喜欢读这么书,这里可以看到最真实、最可爱的孩子,在这里可以看到燃宝的身影,在这里可以找到乐趣,尤其谈到孩子到了语言敏感期的时候,孩子会反复应用、不分场合的应用学来的语汇,而且说的都很雷人,很有趣,也很真实,孩子就是这个样子。每一个孩子都要经历他成长过程中的每一个敏感期,只是每一个孩子的每一个敏感期到来的都不一样,有的早有的晚。当读到孩子秩序感敏感期的时候,我和作者有同样的,家里谁的东西就是谁的,爸爸的手机只能爸爸拿,妈妈的枕头只能妈妈枕,妈妈的鞋只可以妈妈穿,有朋友来家里穿了我平时穿的拖鞋,小家伙都会不悦并要求换过来,读这本书,可以帮助我们更好的了解孩子,可以帮助我们捕捉儿童敏感期,并且在孩子敏感期到来的时候给他提供帮助。
以前曾和朋友们狂言说自己不会结婚不会要孩子,结果在朋友圈里我是结婚较早的,有了孩子之后是最喜欢孩子的,有时候人真的很奇怪。我真的特别感恩上天赐给我这样一个可爱的燃宝,有了燃宝我的生活发生了很大的变化,以前偶尔会写写日志写写博客,现在的我会常常写,记录自己和燃宝的故事,记录自己的感受和想法,为自己积累财富,也是为燃燃积累财富。我特别感谢新浪育儿圈和新浪亲子圈的每一位圈友,感谢妈眯沙龙,感谢这些育儿专家写的这么多这么好的书,让我一个从不了解孩子不喜欢孩子不知道如何带孩子的人变成了喜欢孩子开始了解孩子知道自己应该要怎么带孩子,当然,有时也会茫然,有时也会失控,我们大家常聚在一起谈自己的育儿经,谈自己的想法和作法,在这一个又一个的学习过程和交流过程中,我也会不断的为自己展开自我批评和自我教育,如何给孩子“爱和自由”,如何做好孩子精神上的仆人而不是主人,我还需要学习和努力。
在这里推荐我的朋友们和我一起读这本书,还有该作者孙瑞雪的“爱和自由”、“谁拿走了孩子的幸福” 李跃儿,谈到李跃儿,她是北京效区巴学园(幼儿园的名字)的园长,导演张同道在该园秘呆三年拍摄的纪录片《小人国》,真实的反映了2至6岁孩子的生活并透过孩子的视角,展现成人的世界,小人国这部电影一直很想看,可惜只看过北京教育台的对话节目放过片花,很感人很真实,仅看了片花我哭了,看到园里的孩子有的打人有的被打的时候触动了我的心,是啊,幼儿园对于孩子来说也是一个小的社会,这里有强弱之分,在父母保护下成长的孩子进了园之后还是要自己去面对和处理孩子们自己的事情的,这里有用武力处理的也有用智谋去处理的,远不差与成人世界。该片今年十月份在北京上映的,但在网上都找不到,这里的电影院没有买这部片子,咳,挺遗憾的,生活在大城市还是好啊,可以最早最快的分享各种资讯,真幸福。
过去了就永远回不来,很多事物只能成为回忆,就是因为当时没有好好把握。这是看完孙瑞雪先生的《捕捉儿童敏感期》的最大感想。
看过《爸爸去哪儿》、看过《超人回来了》……还有很多很多。电视娱乐都开始这样关注孩子的成长,现实中的家长更是重视。那么相信大家一定听过敏感期这个词,专业得说就是指特定能力和行为发展的最佳时期,在这一时期个体对形成这些能力和行为的环境影响特别敏感。其实就是我们说的孩子长到一定时候表现出的不同。你看到过孩子捡地上的东西,然后放进嘴巴里吗?你看到孩子自己咬自己的脚吗?你听到孩子某一个时间特别爱讲话但是有讲不清楚吗?……其实我觉得敏感,包括孩子本身,以及家长。孩子到了那个时间,而家长就要捕捉这个时间。
书中将理论与实例结合,将每一个敏感期绘声绘色得展现在我们的面前。
婴儿7个月左右出现走的敏感期。起先拒绝坐,然后开始走,上下楼梯都要自己来,哪里不平偏要往哪里撞。这可能是父母最累的时候……走的敏感期中儿童是一个自由、活跃的个体,他拥有空间的能力从此开始越来越强。
1岁半到2岁期间,儿童会有一个对细微事物感兴趣的敏感期。床上的一丝头发,地上的一根小草……但儿童并不总是这样。手的敏感期到来时,儿童有一个抓的过程。一把抓,二指抓,三指抓。很多成人用手很笨拙,不会拿筷子,不会用手指夹围棋子,不会点钞……这都和童年期手的发展有关。
音乐的敏感期呈螺旋状发展。2岁的幼儿就能把握节奏;3——4岁时开始对简单而重复的旋律感兴趣;5——6岁后开始选择自己喜欢的音乐并自发用动作表达;6——8岁时已经能深深沉浸在音乐中……
处在身份确定敏感期的儿童,会选定一个偶像并时时模仿。“我是忍者神龟!”“我是超人!”通过吸收偶像的人格特点,儿童建构自己的人格状态,最终形成自我。
……
每一个时刻都是至关重要的,错过了,将影响孩子的一生。孙瑞雪先生的这部著作值得我们大家无数次的翻阅。
翻译是受关联理论影响最大的学科之一。德国学者Gutt认为,翻译是一种言语交际行为,是与大脑机制密切联系的推理过程,它不仅涉及语码,更重要的是根据语境进行动态的推理,而推理的依据就是关联性。关联性就是制约翻译的基本原则,翻译的成功与否在于原交际者的目的和读者(听者)的要求在认知环境方面与原文相似。关联理论引入翻译研究,对翻译理论和实践都具有指导意义。
美国著名语言学家、翻译理论权威尤金·奈达博士也认为:“翻译就是交际。”他指出,信息如果不能被读者接受则丧失其交际作用,而译文如果起不到交际作用,不能为读者所理解,就是不合格的。
原作者和译者都是通过交际意图把信息告诉各自的读者,因此,要做到忠实于原作者的交际意图,这就需要译者首先要理解原文,并根据关联原则找到各种信息的最佳关联,获得最佳的语境效果,最终做出一个最能体现原作者交际意图的译文。成功的译文是使译文读者可以不必花费较多的努力就能获得与原文读者相同的语境效果,并能准确地理解原作者的交际意图。
关联理论把翻译看作是一个交际过程,而翻译过程包含作者与译者之间的交际和译者与读者之间的交际这两个交际过程。因此,译者不仅要有准确理解作者交际意图的能力,还应充分考虑译文环境下译文读者的认知能力,帮助译文读者找到与译文语境之间的最佳关联,达到最佳交际效果。译者作为原文的读者接受来自原文本的信息,这些信息提供的动态语境与译者的认知语境相结合,产生译者对原文本的理解。在理解过程中,译者运用自己的语言知识和推理能力努力达到对原文作者意图的最接近的理解,从而做到对原文的“忠实”。然而,译文忠实于原文的程度依赖于译者对译文读者的了解。如果译者不顾译文读者的认知语境和知识结构,将原文原封不动地呈现给译文读者,只会使译文读者不知所云,导致交际失败。例如,如果把“Every family is said to have at least one skeleton in the cupboard。”直译为“据说家家户户的壁橱里至少都藏着一具骷髅。”就会使译文读者困惑不解。此译文只是对原文的表面意思做了传达,并未传达原文的真实意义,对于不了解西方文化背景的译文读者来说就很难以理解。然而。如果将其翻译为“常言道:壁橱里藏骷髅,丑事家家有。”这样,译者就找到了原文与译文语境的最佳关联,译文也更易被中国读者所接受,译者就达到了完成作者与译文读者之间最佳交际的目的。
译者作为原作者和译文读者之间的桥梁,其主要任务是保证两者之间交际的成功。为了保证原文作者和译文读者之间交际的成功,译者可以采取各种翻译策略来帮助译文读者找到原文与译文语境的最佳关联,达到最佳的交际效果。因此,译文读者在这一交际过程中的角色是不容忽视的。译者需要对译文读者的`认知结构和知识结构有充分的了解,做出准确的判断,对译文的表达方式做出适合译文读者的选择。如对《红楼梦》中的谚语“谋事在人,成事在天”的翻译,霍克斯直接引用英语谚语“Man proposes,God disposes。”撇开原作中的佛教色彩,使译作带上了基督教色彩,从而使原文作者曹雪芹向译文读者靠近。
翻译是语际意义的转换,意义问题是翻译的核心问题。在翻译过程中,既要重视语言本身,也要重视在不同的语境中语言所要表达的真正含义。语境在关联理论中又称为语境假设,不仅包括上下文和说话时的社会环境,还包括百科知识和当时感知的信息,这些信息并不构成一个单一的语境,而是一系列语境。在话语理解中,人们只是选取某一特定语境对信息进行推理。交际能否顺利进行,主要看听话者能否选择正确的语境。Sperber和Wilson提出了动态的语境观。语境不是静态的,而是在话语理解过程中不断选择的结果。很多情况下,交际者的交际意图可能会和话语的字面意思不一致甚至相反,这就要求听话者结合自己的认知结构和百科知识及推理能力找到与说话者的话语信息相关的语境假设,通过推理正确的判断说话者的交际意图。例如:“She is a fox。”译文有“她是只狐狸”、“她是个狐狸精”或“她是个时尚迷人的女人”在中英文化中,“狐狸”都可以与狡猾、诡计多端的人联系在一起,但当“狐狸”与女性联系在一起,汉语与英语就有了不同的文化色彩。如果译者不了解中英不同的文化语境,按照中国人的认知思维,把fox翻译成“狐狸精”,那无疑是错误的,因为在英语中,它指的是时髦迷人的女子。因此,译者应该对原语进行文化推理,获得最佳的语境效果才能得出准确的译文,达到交际的目的。
There is a widespread concern over the issue that __作文题目_____. But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person. A majority of people think that _ 观点一________. In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows: in the first place, ___原因一_______.Furthermore, in the second place, ___原因二_____. So it goes without saying that ___观点一_____.
People, however, differ in their opinions on this matter. Some people hold the idea that ___观点二_______. In their point of view, on the one hand, ___原因一_______. On the other hand, ____原因二_____. Therefore, there is no doubt that ___观点二______.
As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that __观点一或二______. It is not only because ________, but also because _________. The more _______, the more ________.
首先举行的是小组赛,同桌之间进行比拼。我见他那么瘦小,便不放在眼里,而他看我的眼神似乎也有一点儿畏惧。随着老师一声令下,我们俩都使足了劲,慢慢地我占据了优势,用力一扳,他便支撑不住,倒了下去。嗬,名符其实的“手下败将”。
小组赛结束后,便开始了争霸赛,我披荆斩棘,经过了一番番精彩绝伦的角逐后,胸有成竹地走上了总决赛的宝座上。啥,对手竟然是个女生?我不免得意洋洋,心想:一个女生和一个男生来比扳手腕,不是飞蛾扑火——自取灭亡吗?这次总冠军的宝座我坐定了。“有好戏看咯!”“嘿嘿,好男不跟女斗!”“开始!”在观众们的调侃中,比赛拉开帷幕——我得意了还不过3秒,便感受到了她力量的强大。只见她面无表情,云淡风轻,盯着我的眼里还含着一丝笑意,好像根本没把我当回事。这下我可不敢松懈了,顿时用尽了全身的力气,但和她仍然僵持不下。这时,观众们全都在大喊:“加油,加油。”还有一个声音突然冒出来:“戴于超都成斗鸡眼了。”大家顿时哈哈大笑。我也忍不住笑岔了气,手下却不敢松懈。随着时间的\'推移,我发现她的脸已经涨成了一个大红苹果,手臂的力量也渐渐松懈了下来,我抓住了这个千年难得一遇的好机会,用尽了自己吃奶的劲儿,把她的手用力地往下压。而她自然不甘示弱,竭力地把手往上抬,眉毛连成了一条线,鼻子上却出现了丝丝皱纹,好像瞬间老了几十岁。但她那最后的希望仍然被我亲手破灭了,我继续压,快到底时,用尽最后力气。“哈哈,我成为总冠军了。”我高兴地欢呼了起来。观众们也纷纷为我鼓掌祝贺。
女生的实力也不可小看,我以后一定要平等地看待各种对手,不能因为外在的弱势而小看了他们,这样便很有可能招致失败。
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