1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的\',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
它们可以为了取出主人的遗体而葬身火海;它们可以互帮互助以此来扑灭身上的火;它们可以为了自己的孩子而选择牺牲自己;它们还有着强烈的爱幼意志……他们就是一群不一样的骆驼。骆驼,在我的印象里是一种外表高大的沙漠动物,背上的两个驼峰和极能忍饥耐渴就是它们的特点,但是看完杨志军的藏地小说——《骆驼》,我有了不一样的记忆。《骆驼》讲述的是巴丹吉林的骆驼和骆驼客们所发生的故事。
在每一件故事中,骆驼扮演的不是沙漠动物,而是有情有义的“人”。在他们中间会有亲情﹑爱情﹑友情,他们甚至还会做到一些我们都不一定做到的事。母驼香日德的身上有着一种伟大而无私的母爱,她为了救下自己的孩子,面对土匪的枪口她没有犹豫,最终她为了孩子牺牲了。美驼格尔穆为了寻找自己心爱的母驼乌图美仁,日夜不停地奔跑了三天三夜,最终他凭自己的坚持,见到了乌图美仁。最不可思议的是骆驼的友情,在去往拉萨的途中,一批更大的土匪群横在他们面前,但骆驼们有一种朋友的默契,他们分工明确,有保护小骆驼的,也有去攻击敌人的……这不愧是骆驼客的伴侣!真诚善良——是骆驼的本性,他们舍己为人﹑无私奉献﹑不畏辛苦,他们就是我们学习的榜样。在学习和生活中,舍己为人是最需要的。我们不管做什么事,都应该先为他人着想,就像你要用橡皮,别人也要用时,你很渴,别人也想喝水时,我们就都应该舍己为人。
“只要人人都献出一点爱,世界将变成美好人间。”这就是奉献力量。其实奉献很简单。奉献一点空闲的时间给学习有困难的同学;奉献一双手给要过马路的盲人;奉献一个饮料瓶给捡瓶子的老人……不畏辛苦对我们每一个人都很重要。辛苦是付出的征兆,只要我们不怕辛苦,不停付出,我们就一定会有收获,就像美驼格尔穆不辞辛苦地寻找乌图美仁,他最终不也如愿了吗?
如果我们每一个人都有骆驼一样的秉性,世界就真成美好人间了!这是一群不一样的骆驼,他们和一些人一样高尚!虽然他们最后被逼跳崖,但他们凄美的故事,永远在我的脑海,他们的精神,影响着我。
导入:
第1段:Recently we’ve had a discussion about whether we should... (导入话题
Our opinions are divided on this topic.(观点有分歧
正文:
第2段:Most of the students are in favour of it.(正方观点
Here are the reasons. First... Second... Finally...(列出2~3个赞成的理由
第3段:However, the others are strongly against it. (反方观点
Their reasons are as follows. In the first place... What’s more... In addition...(列出2~3个反对的理由
结论:
第4段:Personally speaking, the advantages overweigh the disadvantages, for it will do us more harm than good, so I support it.(个人观点 オ
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