Paul Robert在《英语句子结构》(English Sentence Structure一书中指出:“据多数情况来看,歧义的产生并非故意的。它是由运用句子结构时的疏忽造成的,以致没有能够将可以使意义清晰的标记包罗到句子中去。(周立人,1997∶6”于是忽视使用表明句子结构的句法代号就引起了语法歧义。伍谦光(1995∶199认为:“‘语法歧义’是指由于对句子中的句法结构有不同理解而产生的歧义。”语法歧义最常见,也最复杂。下面是一些具有代表性的类例:
1.1词性
一个句子往往由于无法确定某个词的词性而变得无法理解。
(1College demands change.
很明显,例句中的demands既可理解为动词,也可理解为名词。change同样如此。于是此句就产生了两个不同的意思:(1大学要求改革。demands是动词,change是名词。(2大学的要求改变了。demands是名词,change是动词。
1.2名词(修饰语+名词
1.2.1复合名词或名词短语
(2an English teacher
此例在书面语中易引起歧义:(1一位教英语的老师。English teacher是一个复合名词。(2一位来自英国的老师。English作为修饰语加在名词前构成名词短语。
1.2.2-ing+名词
(3Flying planes can be dangerous.
此句也产生了两种意思:(1驾驶飞机会是危险的。Flying是动名词。(2正在驾驶的飞机会有危险。Fling是现在分词,作形容词用。
1.3带有’s的名词所有格
(4This is his teacher’s book.
句子中teacher’s book可以是一个整体,即“教师用书”。但his teacher也可以是一个整体,即“他的老师”。所以此句产生了两个意思:(1这是他的教师用书。(2这是他老师的书。
1.4不定式动词短语
(5The tiger is too small to kill.
此例也有两种含义:(1这只老虎太小以致于不能伤人。此意对tiger来说,是主动的动作。(2这只老虎太小了,还不能被***。此意对tiger来说,是被动的动作。
1.5“及物动词+宾语”结构
(6I found Jim an experienced teacher.
及物动词found后面接了两个名词Jim和an experienced teacher。这句话有两个意思:(1我发现吉姆原来是一位有的老师。(2我为吉姆找到了一位有经验的老师。
1.6并列连词and
(7Tom and Lucy are married.
此句可理解为:(1汤姆和露西两个成了亲。其中and连接两个名词,构成一个简单句。(2汤姆和露西两个都已结婚。该句可看作一个并列句。
1.7悬挂式否定词not
(8His object is not to eat.
此句产生的两种意思为:(1他的目的不是吃。作此意讲时,is和not的关系紧密,可写作isn’t。(2他的目的是绝食。作此意讲时,not与to eat的关系紧密,形成“绝食”的含义。因此not是悬挂式的(即可以自由摆动。
1.8悬挂式代词
(9The man informed his brother that he should lose weight.
人称代词he位于两个名词the man和his brother之后,句意变得模糊:(1这个男的告诉他的哥哥他自己应该减肥。人称代词he代指the man。(2这个男的告诉他的哥哥他应该减肥。这时人称代词he代指his brother。
1.9悬挂式状语修饰成分
(10The people who saw the play frequently praised it.
这里的frequently很难说是修饰saw the play还是praised的,因为状语修饰成分是“悬挂的”,所以产生了两个意思:(1经常看戏的人们称赞了它。(2看了这出戏的人们频繁地称赞它。
1.10悬挂式定语修饰成分
(11Lily likes the vase on the table which she bought yesterday.
此句中的which she bought yesterday是定语从句,这个定语从句可认为是修饰vase,也可以认为是修饰table。也引起了歧义:(1莉莉喜欢放在桌子上的那个昨天买的花瓶。(2莉莉喜欢放在昨天买的桌子上的那个花瓶。
“我不喜欢弟弟或妹妹,因为那样爸爸妈妈就不会再爱我……”最近上网总能看到类似于二胎这样的话题。这个政策是去年新颁布的,瞬间引起了社会各界的更关注,它已成为我们备考高考作文的话题之一。
此政策在网络和微信上引发了热议(become a sensation on the Internet and We Chat。不少网友认为"00后"(children born after 2000太自私,即使是同意父母生二胎的`孩子,在有了弟弟妹妹后脾气也会变坏。但也有不少人认为,这仅仅是教育方式的问题而已(the problem lies in education。如青岛一所小学的一群四年级学生日前成立了"反弟弟妹妹联盟",说服父母不要生二胎。(A group of fourth-graders at an elementary school in Qingdao formed an "anti-siblings alliance" in an effort to persuade their parents not to have a second child.该校一名老师最近发现,班里有八个孩子常聚在一起窃窃私语,讨论这件事(hold secret meetings to discuss the issue。这些学生担心弟弟妹妹会分走自己独享的父母宠爱(steal their parents' exclusive love。
有话题就会有相关词汇,这就要求大家在平常的学习中多多积累,这样到用了时候心中自然就有丘壑。同时也可以扩充相关词汇,如:流动人口mobile population;独生子女家庭only child family;生育时间表birth time schedule;备孕plan for pregnancy。
二胎政策实施过程中,也给社会带来了一定的影响。这一部分探讨也可以作为作文的写作素材。如全面二孩政策(universal two-child policy出台后,中国内地主要城市三居室或四居室的大户型房子(large three or four-bedroom homes销量攀升。北京和上海等城市的很多夫妇正在搜寻居住环境更佳的大房子(hunt for larger homes with a better environment,为家里添丁加口早做准备。据估计,新的生育政策将使未来5年内多增加1700万新生儿(extra 17m babies being born within the next five years。
China is a great country with the largest population in the world. In order to solve the population problem, our government decides to implemented one-child policy. When it is carried out for some time, many people not only see its advantages but also disadvantages. Thus, people argue that two-child policy should be put into effect. In my opinion, two-child policy should be carried out.
中国是一个人口大国。为了解决人口问题,我国政府决定实施独生子女政策。执行一段时间后,许多人不仅看到了这个政策的优点还有缺点。因此,人们开始推崇二胎政策。在我看来,二胎政策是应该实施的。作文
First of all, two-child policy is the gift for some only child. For some families, maybe the parents are only child and they also can have only child. Put aside the loneliness of their child, when their child grows up and they grow older, their child marry with an only child girl accidentally, the burden on their child and his wife is unimaginable heavy. Their child and his wife have to take care of two old couples. Usually, a young couple looking after an old couple is a little difficult; if the pressure increasing twice, how can they stand it. But if their parents have two children, they can share the burden of taking care of their parents. It would be much better.
首先,二胎政策对于一些独生子女来说是天赐的礼物。对于一些家庭来说,也许父母都是独生子女,而他们也只生一个孩子。抛开孩子的孤独不说,当他们的孩子长大了,而他们也变老了,他们的孩子又和一个独生子女结婚,这样的话,压在他们孩子和孩子妻子肩上的压力是不可想象的。他们的孩子和他的妻子不得不照顾两对老人。通常,一对年轻的夫妇照顾一对老人就有点难了;如果压力增加了一倍,他们怎么能忍受呢。但是如果他们的父母有两个孩子,他们就能分享照顾父母的压力。这样会比较好。
Secondly, two-child policy can guarantee the number of Chinese population. As the widely spread of one-child policy, some people have changed their conception about giving birth. If they firmly believe one-child policy, there will be more and more the dink. After several decades, our country will famous for lack of population.
其次,二胎政策可以确保中国的人口数量。由于广泛宣传独生子女政策,有些人已经改变了他们的生育观念。如果他们认同独生子女政策,就会有越老越多的丁克族。几十年后,我国就会以人口短缺而著名了。
In conclusion, one-child policy has out of date. And tow-child policy is needed and necessary. It can solve the problem of nowadays and the future.
总之,独生子女政策已经过时了。二胎政策是必要和必须的。这可以解决当前和未来的问题。
中国是一个人口大国。为了解决人口问题,我国政府决定实施独生子女政策。执行一段时间后,许多人不仅看到了这个政策的优点还有缺点。因此,人们开始推崇二胎政策。在我看来,二胎政策是应该实施的。作文
First of all, two-child policy is the gift for some only child. For some families, maybe the parents are only child and they also can have only child. Put aside the loneliness of their child, when their child grows up and they grow older, their child marry with an only child girl accidentally, the burden on their child and his wife is unimaginable heavy. Their child and his wife have to take care of two old couples. Usually, a young couple looking after an old couple is a little difficult; if the pressure increasing twice, how can they stand it. But if their parents have two children, they can share the burden of taking care of their parents. It would be much better.
首先,二胎政策对于一些独生子女来说是天赐的礼物。对于一些家庭来说,也许父母都是独生子女,而他们也只生一个孩子。抛开孩子的孤独不说,当他们的孩子长大了,而他们也变老了,他们的孩子又和一个独生子女结婚,这样的话,压在他们孩子和孩子妻子肩上的压力是不可想象的。他们的孩子和他的妻子不得不照顾两对老人。通常,一对年轻的夫妇照顾一对老人就有点难了;如果压力增加了一倍,他们怎么能忍受呢。但是如果他们的.父母有两个孩子,他们就能分享照顾父母的压力。这样会比较好。
Secondly, two-child policy can guarantee the number of Chinese population. As the widely spread of one-child policy, some people have changed their conception about giving birth. If they firmly believe one-child policy, there will be more and more the dink. After several decades, our country will famous for lack of population.
其次,二胎政策可以确保中国的人口数量。由于广泛宣传独生子女政策,有些人已经改变了他们的生育观念。如果他们认同独生子女政策,就会有越老越多的丁克族。几十年后,我国就会以人口短缺而著名了。
In conclusion, one-child policy has out of date. And tow-child policy is needed and necessary. It can solve the problem of nowadays and the future.
总之,独生子女政策已经过时了。二胎政策是必要和必须的。这可以解决当前和未来的问题。
Emerging from the cartoon is an eye-catching scene that the parents are willing to have a second child, while their only child do not agree because of his worry that he doesn't want to have another child, even his own sibling, share toys with him. Simple as it is, the symbolic meaning revealed is profound and thought-provoking.
We are supposed to place our attention on, instead of its funny appearance, the implied meaning of the cartoon: as the overall second-child policy expands throughout China, some only children are so selfish that they cannot accept the second child in their family. What can account for this undesirable situation? For one thing, they, as the only child at home all the time, have no awareness of sharing what they like with others due to the fact that all the family members give their love to the only child. As a result, when faced with the problem of whether they are willing to have a sibling, their first response is to refuse it. For another reason, some couples are eager to have a second child as soon as possible, which makes them neglect to communicate with their only child to let them realize the advantage of having a sibling companion in their childhood.
From what has been discussed above, it's safe for me to conclude that it is urgent to take some immediate and effective measures. What I recommend is that parents should let child know the importance of sharing with others, which is beneficial for them in future life. In addition, it's better for parents to have more communication with their only child once they want to have a second child.
[1]Lyons,J.Linguistic Semantics: An Introduction[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1995.
[2]Saeed,J.I.Semantics[M].Oxford:Blackwell Publisher Itd,1997.
[3]陈汉生.基础英语中的几种歧义现象[J].外国语,1994,(4:72-74.
[4]侯国金.英语语言学精要回答与指南[M].武汉:中国地质大学出版社,1998.
[5]胡壮麟,刘润清,李延福.语言学教程[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1988.
[6]林承璋.英语词汇学引论(修订版[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,1997.
[7]维多利亚·弗罗姆金,罗伯特·罗德曼.语言导论[M].北京:北京语言学院出版社,1994.
[8]伍谦光.语义学导论[M].长沙:湖南教育出版社,1995.
[9]周立人.英语歧义类例论析[J].国外外语教学,1997,(1:1-7.
© 2022 xuexicn.net,All Rights Reserved.