过渡句中有的词或短语概括总结、或联系上文的内容,还有的词或短语概括、联系下文的内容,则这个过渡句就有承上启下的作用。
好的文章动静结合、张弛有度有节奏感。句式也是一样,要有变化性,这不仅能使文章更生动,也是语言表达方式的需要和表达能力的体现。句式的`变化,主要是要注意两点:
● 不要从头至尾使用一种句型。
● 长短句结合。
由于语言功底的欠缺和惯用思维,很多人写的文章一种句式到头,如:
I think …
I hope…
He does it.
He will take it
这样的文章虽然意思表达出来了,却显得呆板,欠生动。解决的办法是:
1.间或使用主从复句。
Because he is very much determined, he will carry it out this time. (原因
比较:He is very much determined. He will carry it out this time.
2.使用分词结构句。
The weather being fine, a large number of people went sightseeing.
比较:The weather is fine. A large number of people went sightseeing.
Africa is the second largest continent, its size being about three times that of China.
比较:Africa is the second largest continent. Its size is about three times that of China.
3.使用不定式句。
To be or not to be, that is a question. (莎士比亚
To study or not to study, that is much different.(引申
To do it well, you must plan it well.
比较:You want to do it well. And you must plan it well.
4.倒装句
Only when we fully recognize its importance can we have control of its essence.
比较:After we fully recognize its importance, we can have control of its essence.
No sooner had he arrived home than it began to rain.
比较:He arrived home. And it began to rain.
5.失衡句
whether or not he will come is still unknown to all the people present.
比较:No one present knows whether he will come or not.
That he has done it all by himself is known to everyone.
比较:Everyone knows that he has done it all by himself.
当然,句子并不是越长越好,也不是越复杂水平就越高。凡事皆有度。太多长句的堆砌让人觉得是买弄。有时侯,一个短小精辟的句子可以起到画龙点睛的作用。特别是在文末段尾。比如:
●As a creature, every one knows.
●Actions speak louder than words.
●Practice makes perfect.
这个句子只要具备以下特征中的一个特征,就说明它具有承上功能:
A.句子中的词或短语对上文的表象内容具有概括作用。例如,刚才,我说明了使用手机的方法。其中“手机的使用方法”这个短语就对上文的表象内容进行了概括,所以这句话就具有承上功能。
B.过渡句中有某个词或短语,解释了上文的本质内容。例如海市蜃楼不是一种神仙鬼怪降临人世,而是光的一种折射成像现象。如果前一段描述的是海市蜃楼的现象,这句话中“是光的一种折射成像现象”就揭示了上文的本质内容,因而这句话也具有承上功能。
C.涉及到上文说明的内容。例如上文讲了一棵树,这个句子中提到相关的树叶、树根等,就说明这句话具有承上作用
D.和上文构成明显的逻辑关系。例如句子开头是“因此”、或者“那么”、或者“然而”,那么这个过渡句显然和上文有或因果、或假设、或转折逻辑联系;还有的句子开头是“其次”、“第二”等,明显前文有“首先”、“第一”等词,构成主次、或顺次关系,因而也具有承上功能。
说明的方法有:
1.举例子
2.作比较
3.下定义
4.画图表
5.作诠释
6.打比方
7.摹状貌
8.引资料
9.分类别
10.列数字
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