1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
春天,家乡的田野是最动人的。
春风给大地盖上了一层绿色的地毯,杨柳绿绿的,榕树郁郁葱葱随风飘动。
夏天,麦浪滚滚,田野一片金黄的象金色的海洋,到处都生机勃勃的景象。
秋天,果实累累,秋高气凉,田野里稻谷玉米,水果丰收了,金黄的玉米和一串串火红火红的辣子,人们忙着收果实。
冬天,寒风刺骨,西北风“呼呼”刮来,天气冷啦,雪花在空中翩翩飞舞着,象一只只飞舞的蝴蝶,雪花给大地穿了银装,给麦苗盖上厚厚的棉被子。
家乡的田野的一个五彩缤纷颜料,也美丽诱人的地方,我一定要好好学习,长大要把家乡建设的更加美好。
我爱美丽的,诱人的家乡田野。
1。 头绪分明,脉络清楚
写好记叙文,首先要头绪分明,脉络清楚,明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析,弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程,然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个“ W ”和一个“ H ”有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这些“ W ”和“ H ”,但动笔之前,围绕五个“ W ”和“ H ”进行构思是必不可少的。
2。 突出中心,详略得当
在文章的框架确定后,对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍,应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,定好详略。要突出重点,详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节,略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化,使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题,也需要一定的技巧。如:
One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children。 They have not eaten for days。" I took some food with me and went。
When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破坏外貌) by hunger。 There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger。
I gave the rice to the mother。 She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice。 When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors — they are hungry also!"
3。 用活语言,准确生动
记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动,又要表现力强,这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动,其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。
原文:
One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away。 He was soon lost among people and traffic。 He could not find the way back home and started crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying。 They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened。 Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived。 The two students decided to take him home。 Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound。 She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didn't take it。 She served them with tea but they left。
修改后:
The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street。 After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home。 But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic。 When he could not find the way home, he started and crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop。 They immediately went up to him。
"Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked。
"I want Mom, I go home。" said the boy, still crying。
"Don't worry, we'll send you home。"
And they spent the next two hours looking for the boy's house。 With the help of a policeman, they finally found it。
When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house。 Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea。
我有一间明亮又舒适的小房间。
房间的南面开着两扇窗,每天清早,灿烂的阳光透进我的小房间,在白白的墙壁的反照下,整个房间显得格外明亮。靠着窗户摆着一张写字台,旁边是一排矮柜。写字台上放着一块电热板,我在这里读书、写字、做作业,可暖和啦!矮柜里整齐地放着我的衣服和玩具。小房间的中间放着我的小床,床上整齐地叠放着两床小被子,显得格外舒服。小床右侧雪白的墙上有一个“光荣榜”,里面贴着我从幼儿园到现在得到的奖状。每天晚上,我看着这些奖状,就暗暗地给自己鼓劲:加油,李渊吉!你要努力,争取更大的进步!
我爱我的小房间,它伴随着我快乐地成长。
导入:
第1段:Recently we’ve had a discussion about whether we should... (导入话题
Our opinions are divided on this topic.(观点有分歧
正文:
第2段:Most of the students are in favour of it.(正方观点
Here are the reasons. First... Second... Finally...(列出2~3个赞成的理由
第3段:However, the others are strongly against it. (反方观点
Their reasons are as follows. In the first place... What’s more... In addition...(列出2~3个反对的理由
结论:
第4段:Personally speaking, the advantages overweigh the disadvantages, for it will do us more harm than good, so I support it.(个人观点 オ
我的家乡有一条小河叫潮白河。我的家乡不算大,但同样美丽、迷人。尤其是潮白河,更令人陶醉。
春天万物复苏,家乡的空气很湿润。睡了一冬的潮白河被春风给吹醒了,河水清澈见底像一面明亮的镜子,倒映出岸边的花、草、树木。小河里的石头有黑色的、有黄色的、有白色的……摸起来很光滑,我用手捧起一把水,凉凉的、甜甜的比矿泉水还好喝。
夏天,草地上开满了各种各样的野花,如同春姑娘般像地毯似得。潮白河里的小鱼、小虾、小蟹在清澈的河水里自由嬉戏。
秋天,杨树的叶子落到小河上,就像一条条小船,满载着秋天的希望和丰收。
冬天小河结冰了,孩子们都到小河上去滑冰,它们玩的可高兴了!在冰下面的小鱼、小虾、小蟹也玩的正来劲,好不乐乎!在冰天雪地里小河就像一条银白色的丝带。
啊!我爱这美丽的潮白河,爱她的纯洁,爱她的美丽,爱他的清澈。
篇六:初冬的早晨
初冬的早晨,是一种特殊的美。
初冬的早晨满天雾气腾腾,十步不见人影,路上的车辆,还开着防雾灯,司机们都小心翼翼的慢慢行驶,像乌龟爬行一样缓慢。行人们都穿着厚厚的衣裳,戴着帽子,手套,口罩,脖子上围着围巾。
初冬的早晨,西北风呼呼的刮过树梢,树上的叶子零零碎碎的.飘落下来,落在地上的叶子,风一吹在地上打转。
早晨,雾散后的人们都出来锻炼身体。有的老人在散步,有的老人在打羽毛球,还有的老人在一起踢踺子。
初冬的早晨,是一种宁静的美。
导入:
第1段:Some people hold the opinion that A is superior to B in many ways. Others, however, argue that B is much better. Personally, I would prefer A because I think A has more advantages.
正文:
第2段:There are many reasons why I prefer A. The main reason is that ... Another reason is that...(赞同A的原因
第3段: Of course, B also has advantages to some extent... (列出1~2个B的优势
结论:
第4段: But if all these factors are considered, A is much better than B. From what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that ...(得出结论 オ
乡村的黄昏是秀美、恬静的。路边的花呀,草呀,都在徐徐晚风中的抚摸下,安静的睡了。夜来香却精神十足地梳妆打扮,准备迎接“黄昏的音乐会”,她们用绚丽的晚霞做胭脂,涂红娇美的脸蛋;用金色的阳光做长裙,套上柔韧的腰肢;向小河哥哥要一朵浪花,插在自己五彩的秀发垂进潺潺的流水里。静静梳洗着。顽皮的小河也不在跳跃,安分地淌着。河里的睡莲闭起了眼脸,弯弯的睫毛上挂着水珠儿。河里的小鱼儿都回家去了。想必是他们的爸爸妈妈召唤他们吃饭吧!
河里洗衣服的妇女已经洗完了衣服,边走边谈论着村里的新鲜事,放羊的小朋友也牵着羊慢慢往家走,口袋里塞满了又酸又甜的枣。到地里干活的人也不干了,有的开着拖拉机往家里驶去,有的抗着农具往家走,个个汗流浃背,衣服都被浸透了。不一会儿,各家各户的烟囱都冒出了缕缕炊烟,厨房里响起了锅碗瓢盆的交响曲,饭菜的香气飘出了家院,散到街上,飘向远处。吃过晚饭,一些老人都一个个从家里出来了,叼着烟袋卷蹲在一起谈古论今,说牛郎织女,讲论三国、谈刘备 这时,一弯新月隐隐约约的挂在夜空中。
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