1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
春日正好。
一声草虫嘤嘤,是鸣了千年的情思;一片桃花灼灼,是撒了衷心的祝福;一饰琼瑶美玉,是连了暗吟的心语。难得时光如此美丽。于是捧一本《诗经》,悟那些“思无邪”,在千年之后的今天溯洄从之,只为拾得那些淳朴歌谣中的温暖。即使道阻长,汉江广。
仿佛是立在那广远的汉水旁,任水花溅湿衣裳——满世界的清凉舒爽。何曾呼吸过如此纯净而又快活的空气?那是个春天。,相约结伴的妇女们,着一身朴素布衣,相约于原野:“采采芣苢,薄言捋之;采采芣苢,薄言秸之。”在他们的眼里,日出而作日落而息本就是件闲事。或许是因为太单纯,更或许是自然太过原始与神秘,何尝不乐?何尝不暖?
桃花似新娘的脸,青春,、娇嫩,、美好。甚至闭上眼,都仿佛可看到“绿叶成荫子满枝”的幸福日子。“桃之夭夭,灼灼其华。之子于归,宜其室家。”一名出嫁女子,含睇带笑,在她一生最美丽的时候,面若桃花,三月的暖风,晕了他她一脸红颊,更暖了她的心,暖了庆祝之人朴素又甜蜜的祝福。
《诗经》中有太多道不完的纯美爱情,就像那桃花,柔软而又芬芳。“有女同车,颜如舜英。将翱将翱,佩玉将将。”木槿花开,清新浅白。“彼美孟姜,德音不忘。”永世不忘,永世难忘。“静女其姝,俟我于城隅。爱而不见,搔首踟蹰。”白茅般洵美,悸动所以心慌。那时的人们葛布粗裳,却种许了一个又一个美好单纯的愿望;心是透明的',所以毫无无须保留,更不用费心猜度。只需在某个水畔,荒原,车中,轻吟一句便诉衷肠。的确,博名争利又有何用呢?用青春和闲逸去编造一个天堂,何乐不为!求之庶士,迨其今兮。
心被这些清浅的歌谣静静洗涤,涌来一丝丝暖流,来自那般简单生活。
然而它可以美得无暇,也可以悲得浓郁。是“及尔偕老,老使我怨”的决绝与悲愤,江有汜,叶有落。心之忧矣,如匪浣衣。是长路漫漫,征战在外的士兵发出的一声声哀痛叹息:“忧心孔疚,我行不来!”思归不得,何以言乐?行道迟迟,载渴载饥。我心伤悲,莫知我哀!
现实即便是在那个美好的时代仍是残酷的,王事未定,不遑启处,只能采薇作食,咽下满心悲苦无人可诉。“我姑酌彼兕觥,维以不永伤。”只有醉酒方能解忧,可却只是愁上加愁,辗转今夜。可那醉的又岂是今夜?将心麻痹了多少余载!但这愁再浓,也抵不过他独守家室已形容憔悴之妻的一头蓬发;“自伯之东,首如飞蓬。岂无膏沐,谁适为容?”
可我始终坚信,在这层层悲凉底下,扔埋着一丝温暖。从来就没有放弃过回家的念头,他坚信家中有一烛青灯守候,她也坚信他不会弃自己不顾。默默等待,等待,等东方须臾,等那个无期的约定。这是如此单纯的希望与温暖,不然,就不会有那戍边兵士对远方妻子的坚贞誓言:
“死生契阔,与子成说。执子之手,与子偕老。”真诚到没有一丝渣滓。
一首首读罢,心是很平静的。感叹道这才该叫生活!这种生活才温暖!其实生活本就该如此——清,淡,静。该喜便喜,该优便优。总以一个最真的自己来面对昨天,今天,明天;面对朋友,家人,自己;面对绚烂,平淡,枯败。最美是诗经,倒不如说最美是单纯。这些歌咏里的情思,都那么容易被人探到底,那么容易触动人的心灵。暖暖的,就像春日里洒下的光亮,千年如一日地予人温存和平静。
如今的世界太过喧嚣,我们都快要找不到自我,找不到生活的意义和本该有的温暖。追名逐利,劳务繁多,各事事都追求完美,累得喘不过气来。可人生本来就是不完美的,远古先民早就发现了。吃惯了多味调料,早该喝喝无味的矿泉水了,不然怎么排心里的毒呢?不如歇下来,任那和暖古风吹来,涤荡出最清澈最真实地的自己。她的言辞是一幅幅质朴淡雅的国画中最美的注脚。浮萍,桑园,纤草,幽虫。没有任何粉饰,却莫不失淳朴意蕴。
生活,如此温暖。
Last Sunday, Jim went out to fly a kite. The kite flew highly in the sky. Jim ran with it happily.
Suddenly the line was broken and the kite flew away. Soon it disappeared. Where was it?
Jim had no idea. So he had to run here and there to look for the kite. At last he saw it on the top of the tree. He tried to get it down. But he couldn’t. He felt sad.
春日正好。
一声草虫嘤嘤,是鸣了千年的情思;一片桃花灼灼,是撒了衷心的祝福;一饰琼瑶美玉,是连了暗吟的心语。难得时光如此美丽。于是捧一本《诗经》,悟那些“思无邪”,在千年之后的今天溯洄从之,只为拾得那些淳朴歌谣中的温暖。即使道阻长,汉江广。
仿佛是立在那广远的汉水旁,任水花溅湿衣裳——满世界的清凉舒爽。何曾呼吸过如此纯净而又快活的空气?那是个春天。,相约结伴的妇女们,着一身朴素布衣,相约于原野:“采采芣苢,薄言捋之;采采芣苢,薄言秸之。”在他们的眼里,日出而作日落而息本就是件闲事。或许是因为太单纯,更或许是自然太过原始与神秘,何尝不乐?何尝不暖?
桃花似新娘的脸,青春,、娇嫩,、美好。甚至闭上眼,都仿佛可看到“绿叶成荫子满枝”的幸福日子。“桃之夭夭,灼灼其华。之子于归,宜其室家。”一名出嫁女子,含睇带笑,在她一生最美丽的时候,面若桃花,三月的暖风,晕了他她一脸红颊,更暖了她的心,暖了庆祝之人朴素又甜蜜的祝福。
《诗经》中有太多道不完的纯美爱情,就像那桃花,柔软而又芬芳。“有女同车,颜如舜英。将翱将翱,佩玉将将。”木槿花开,清新浅白。“彼美孟姜,德音不忘。”永世不忘,永世难忘。“静女其姝,俟我于城隅。爱而不见,搔首踟蹰。”白茅般洵美,悸动所以心慌。那时的人们葛布粗裳,却种许了一个又一个美好单纯的愿望;心是透明的,所以毫无无须保留,更不用费心猜度。只需在某个水畔,荒原,车中,轻吟一句便诉衷肠。的确,博名争利又有何用呢?用青春和闲逸去编造一个天堂,何乐不为!求之庶士,迨其今兮。
心被这些清浅的歌谣静静洗涤,涌来一丝丝暖流,来自那般简单生活。
然而它可以美得无暇,也可以悲得浓郁。是“及尔偕老,老使我怨”的决绝与悲愤,江有汜,叶有落。心之忧矣,如匪浣衣。是长路漫漫,征战在外的士兵发出的一声声哀痛叹息:“忧心孔疚,我行不来!”思归不得,何以言乐?行道迟迟,载渴载饥。我心伤悲,莫知我哀!
现实即便是在那个美好的时代仍是残酷的,王事未定,不遑启处,只能采薇作食,咽下满心悲苦无人可诉。“我姑酌彼兕觥,维以不永伤。”只有醉酒方能解忧,可却只是愁上加愁,辗转今夜。可那醉的又岂是今夜?将心麻痹了多少余载!但这愁再浓,也抵不过他独守家室已形容憔悴之妻的一头蓬发;“自伯之东,首如飞蓬。岂无膏沐,谁适为容?”
可我始终坚信,在这层层悲凉底下,扔埋着一丝温暖。从来就没有放弃过回家的念头,他坚信家中有一烛青灯守候,她也坚信他不会弃自己不顾。默默等待,等待,等东方须臾,等那个无期的约定。这是如此单纯的希望与温暖,不然,就不会有那戍边兵士对远方妻子的坚贞誓言:
“死生契阔,与子成说。执子之手,与子偕老。”真诚到没有一丝渣滓。
一首首读罢,心是很平静的。感叹道这才该叫生活!这种生活才温暖!其实生活本就该如此——清,淡,静。该喜便喜,该优便优。总以一个最真的自己来面对昨天,今天,明天;面对朋友,家人,自己;面对绚烂,平淡,枯败。最美是诗经,倒不如说最美是单纯。这些歌咏里的情思,都那么容易被人探到底,那么容易触动人的心灵。暖暖的,就像春日里洒下的光亮,千年如一日地予人温存和平静。
如今的世界太过喧嚣,我们都快要找不到自我,找不到生活的意义和本该有的.温暖。追名逐利,劳务繁多,各事事都追求完美,累得喘不过气来。可人生本来就是不完美的,远古先民早就发现了。吃惯了多味调料,早该喝喝无味的矿泉水了,不然怎么排心里的毒呢?不如歇下来,任那和暖古风吹来,涤荡出最清澈最真实地的自己。她的言辞是一幅幅质朴淡雅的国画中最美的注脚。浮萍,桑园,纤草,幽虫。没有任何粉饰,却莫不失淳朴意蕴。
生活,如此温暖。
1。 头绪分明,脉络清楚
写好记叙文,首先要头绪分明,脉络清楚,明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析,弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程,然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个“ W ”和一个“ H ”有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这些“ W ”和“ H ”,但动笔之前,围绕五个“ W ”和“ H ”进行构思是必不可少的。
2。 突出中心,详略得当
在文章的框架确定后,对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍,应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,定好详略。要突出重点,详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节,略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化,使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题,也需要一定的技巧。如:
One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children。 They have not eaten for days。" I took some food with me and went。
When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破坏外貌) by hunger。 There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger。
I gave the rice to the mother。 She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice。 When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors — they are hungry also!"
3。 用活语言,准确生动
记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动,又要表现力强,这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动,其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。
原文:
One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away。 He was soon lost among people and traffic。 He could not find the way back home and started crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying。 They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened。 Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived。 The two students decided to take him home。 Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound。 She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didn't take it。 She served them with tea but they left。
修改后:
The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street。 After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home。 But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic。 When he could not find the way home, he started and crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop。 They immediately went up to him。
"Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked。
"I want Mom, I go home。" said the boy, still crying。
"Don't worry, we'll send you home。"
And they spent the next two hours looking for the boy's house。 With the help of a policeman, they finally found it。
When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house。 Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea。
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