导入:
第1段:提出一种现象或某种困难作为议论的话题
正文:
第2段:Many ways can help to solve this serious problem, but the following may be most effective. First of all... Another way to solve the problem is ... Finally...(列出2~3个解决此类问题的办法
结论:
第3段:These are not the best but the only two/ three measures we can take. But it should be noted that we should take action to...(强调解决此类问题的根本方法
1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
I was born in a beautiful town with high mountains around it.The mountains are covered with all kinds of green bamboo.Through the town runs a small stream.It’s said that a new railway is going to be built to the east of the town and a bamboo factory to the west.All the children of the school age can go to school.If anyone is ill,he can go to see the doctor in the newly-built hospital.People in the town are hard-working and never take the backwardness lying down.Though they are having a richer and better life,they are not satisfied with what they have got.They are working hard to build their town into a modern one.
海南有1528米绵长而优美的海岸线。南山文化旅游区、天涯海角、大小洞天、大东海、亚龙湾、三亚湾、西岛、蜈支洲岛、鹿回头公园等著名旅游景点大多分布在南海边。国际顶级度假酒店也都云集于此,园林式的现代建筑依山傍海,奢华而静谧,如世外桃源。三亚离凤凰机场很近,又有高铁直通,交通十分方便,所以三亚就成了旅游集散中心。三亚的火车站漂亮又大气。火车站大厅前不远处有一条马路,供几路公交车和出柤车用,乘客下车即可进入火车站。马路的外面是一个大广场。这个广场太大了,非常宽阔。热带花木婀娜多姿,石凳木椅有序,雕塑小品有趣,是候车出站休息的好地方。三亚有一个免税店,总营业面积7000平方米,是目前大陆规模最大、品牌最全、环境最好的免税店。经营十个大类、近百个国际知名品牌的上万种商品。免税店十点开门营业,没开门门前就已排了长长的队伍,可见买卖之兴隆。
三亚的岛很多。西岛、吴子洲岛、大洲岛、分界洲岛、南湾猴岛都是著名的旅游景点。三亚的“湾”更多,大东海、小东海、三亚湾、亚龙湾、海棠湾、月亮湾都是著名的海湾。一个比一个漂亮。特别是亚龙湾,被称为“东方夏威夷”和“天下第一湾”。亚龙湾是海南最南端的一个半月形海湾。湾内浪平风轻,水清见底,沙细质软,洁白如银,宛若天堂,是难得的天然浴场,是日光浴和沙滩浴的理想之地。沙滩上有一排排各种颜色的蘑菇亭,特别漂亮。每个蘑菇亭下面都有木质躺椅,供游客休息。从晨曦到黄昏,游客不断。有的在游泳,有的在水里玩水嬉戏,有的在躺椅上休息,有的.在沙滩上享受阳光浴,有一对对情侣漫步沙滩……。 湛蓝的海水,洁白的沙滩,灿烂的阳光,成片的椰林,都让你感到无限的浪漫与甜蜜。葛优的电影《非诚勿扰2》就在这儿拍摄的。据说拍电影用的酒店和房间价格倍增。三亚湾是三亚最大的海湾,海岸绵延22 千米长。分为游乐观光漫游区、公共海边游泳区、休闲度假区三段。国家沙滩足球训练基地就设在这儿。椰梦长廊是环三亚湾修建的一条海滨风景大道,似一幅色彩斑斓的长卷,有“亚洲第一大道” 之称。你若坐在这条线的公交车上,有看不完的美丽景色,你的眼睛会应接不暇,你会情不自禁地发出一声声惊叹。那花海, 那椰林,那棕榈树,那魅力四射的度假区,那风格各异的座座别墅,那园林式的现代建筑,那神秘的凤凰岛,那漂亮的游船,那海天一色的蓝,都让你赞叹不已。大东海的海湾呈弓形,水面是月牙形。“水暖沙白滩平”使大东海的名声早已蜚声海内外。大东海海岸沿线有许多休闲场所,像明珠广场、热带雨林广场、绿色长廊及海滨浴场。沙滩休闲有沙滩摩托、沙滩足球、沙滩排球,沙滩休闲酒吧、音乐茶座、绿荫咖啡屋、巴西烧烤园、休闲小屋、特色旅游纪念品商店、海鲜冷饮店等,“度假天堂”之名号当之无愧。
1。 头绪分明,脉络清楚
写好记叙文,首先要头绪分明,脉络清楚,明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析,弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程,然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个“ W ”和一个“ H ”有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这些“ W ”和“ H ”,但动笔之前,围绕五个“ W ”和“ H ”进行构思是必不可少的。
2。 突出中心,详略得当
在文章的框架确定后,对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍,应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,定好详略。要突出重点,详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节,略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化,使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题,也需要一定的技巧。如:
One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children。 They have not eaten for days。" I took some food with me and went。
When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破坏外貌) by hunger。 There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger。
I gave the rice to the mother。 She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice。 When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors — they are hungry also!"
3。 用活语言,准确生动
记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动,又要表现力强,这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动,其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。
原文:
One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away。 He was soon lost among people and traffic。 He could not find the way back home and started crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying。 They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened。 Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived。 The two students decided to take him home。 Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound。 She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didn't take it。 She served them with tea but they left。
修改后:
The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street。 After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home。 But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic。 When he could not find the way home, he started and crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop。 They immediately went up to him。
"Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked。
"I want Mom, I go home。" said the boy, still crying。
"Don't worry, we'll send you home。"
And they spent the next two hours looking for the boy's house。 With the help of a policeman, they finally found it。
When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house。 Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea。
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