其中在一般的社交信中,信内收信人的地址通常省略,但是在公务信函中不能。将收信人的姓名、地址等写在信头日期下方的左角上,要求与对信头的要求一样,不必再写日期。例如:
a tale of two cities occupies a central place in the canon of charles dickens's works. this novel of the french revolution was originally serialized in the author's own periodical all the year round. weekly publication of chapters 1-3 of book 1 began on april 30, 1859. in an innovative move, dickens simultaneously released installments of the novel on a monthly basis, beginning with all of book 1 in june and concluding with the last eight chapters of book 3 in december. dickens took advantage of the novel's serial publication to experiment with characterization, plot, and theme. he described the work in a letter to his friend john forster, cited in rudi glancy's a tale of two cities: dickens's revolutionary novel, as "a picturesque story rising in every chapter, with characters true to nature, but whom the story should express more than they should express themselves by dialogue." the novel that emerged from his experimentation is now regarded as one of dickens's most popular and most innovative works.
dickens's work was very popular with the reading public when it was first published. one review in the magazine athenaeum stated that a tale of two cities had attracted the praise of a hundred thousand readers. on the other hand, a whole set of critics, most notably sir james fitzjames stephen writing in saturday review, criticized the novel precisely for its popularity. "most of the critics writing in the intellectual and literary journals of the day considered popular success a good reason to condemn a work," explains glancy. "if the public liked it, they certainly could not be seen to approve of it at all." modern critical opinion, however, has given the novel an important place among dickens's most mature works of fiction.
i have never been to troy, but david maule made me feel as if i were standing on the high wall of troy, watching the fierce war. thanks to this british author, who adapted the famous homer’s poem into a lively story, i found it easier to understand this story. though the story happened over 3000 years ago in a remote place, i was deeply fascinated by it.
the mysterious plot is one of the reasons why i loved the story of troy so much, yet i am more interested in the human heroes of the war.
hector was the eldest son of king of troy, priam. he was not only a real hero of trojan, but was regarded the highest moral hero in greek classic by later historians. the war started because of the mischief of his brother, paris, whom he didn’t appreciate. however, since hector was the commander of the trojan army, he was obliged to fight with all force. it was really a tragedy that such a valiant man died in the duel with another great warrior, achilles.
it is natural to see death in a war. as a famous chinese parable says, “a life can be as slight as a piece of feather, or as weighty as mount tai.” sometimes, one’s glory walks hand in hand with one’s doom. achilles was such a typical person. his personal charm made the story of troy more attractive. he was so crucial because his every appearance in a war encouraged his fellow soldiers and terrified the enemies. actually, achilles was half-god who was almost invincible in people’s mind. that’s why his name was memorized long after his death.
besides the two great men, the wisdom of odysseus also proved him to be a great hero. he didn’t want to attend the war because he was happily married and had a lovely son. however, since his country was allied to mycenae, he had to take the command given by the king of mycenae. i’m quite sure that the story of the wooden horse is widely known, however, few people know who thought of the brilliant idea, that’s why i admired odysseus so much because he was the person who got the idea. thanks to the horse, the ten-year war came to an end at last. if you want to know how the wooden horse worked, just read the book.
the ancient greeks believed that the gods and goddesses also played important roles in the origin, process and ending of the whole story.
the story of the golden apple was such an example. when eris, the goddess of argument and disagreement, threw out the golden apple to a wedding ceremony on mount olympus, a dispute happened. hera, the queen of gods, athena, the goddess of wisdom, and aphrodite, the goddess of love and beauty, were all involved in the argument for the apple. none of them was willing to give way, so they turned to paris for a final judgment. tempted by aphrodite’s beauty and promise, paris handed the apple to her. to keep her word, aphrodite helped him to get helen, the most beautiful woman in the world, as his wife. that was the cause of the war.
paris’s choice obviously annoyed the other two goddesses. so during the war, they helped the greek alliance army while some other gods, such as apollo and aphrodite, guarded troy. when paris dueled with helen’s former husband menelaus, aphrodite saved paris when he was about to be finished off.
after the duel between those two people, there was a truce between the greek alliance and troy. however, both hera and athena were not happy to see it. hera pursued her husband zeus:“ now, will you send athena to make the troyjans break the peace?”(page 22 then with zeus’s permission, athena went down to start the war again and finally she brought the greeks to success.
from the whole story, we can see that in ancient greeks’ view, gods sometimes played a much more important role in their life. however, with the rapid development of science, we have learned that the greek gods never existed. this is why a recent movie of troy has not mentioned a single god. everything happened due to men’s ambition, love, loyalty or jealousy. with those emotion and people’s effort, we human beings can accomplish wonders and be master of the world.
god are of less importance than they used to be. nonetheless, the gods and goddesses made the story of troy more mysterious and marvelous.
i have learnt from the book more than the wonderful story of history, love and war. i believe that human can determine their destiny by their own. i highly recommend this book to my friends.
是写信人对收信人的称呼用语。位置在信内地址下方一、二行的地方,从该行的顶格写起,在称呼后面一般用逗号(英国式,也可以用冒号(美国式。
(1写给亲人、亲戚和关系密切的朋友时,用dear或my dear再加上表示亲属关系的称呼或直称其名(这里指名字,不是姓氏。例如:my dear father,dear tom等。
(2写给公务上的信函用dear madam,dear sir或gentleman(gentlemen。注意:dear纯属公务上往来的客气形式。gentlemen总是以复数形式出现,前不加dear,是dear sir的复数形式。
(3写给收信人的信,也可用头衔、职位、职称、学位等再加姓氏或姓氏和名字。例如:dear prof. tim scales, dear dr.john smith。
到大学,参观图书馆几乎是必修课,这次在哈佛也不例外。出乎我意料的是,这一参观竟然花了一天时间,还有很多图书馆没去。
到哈佛之前,我知道哈佛的图书馆很多,但没想到有这么多。连带领我参观的哈佛教育学院的博士生安德鲁·斯科特也不清楚哈佛究竟有多少图书馆。一个笼统的说法是,学校有综合图书馆,有专业图书馆,每个学院有图书馆,甚至学生宿舍里也有图书馆,大致有100座。
哈佛的图书馆当然不是以数量取胜的。其藏书的丰富和环境的舒适、服务的到位,让我大开眼界。在燕京图书馆,多位在这里做交换生、访问学者的中国学者告诉我,在这里,找到了很多国内图书馆根本查不到的资料。
图书馆里随处有可以免费上网的电脑,可自由使用。安德鲁·斯科特还特别带我去看了图书馆里的一件设备——扫描仪,学生也可免费使用,只需花一些时间,就可以把一本书全部扫描存进自己的U盘,然后带回去慢慢看。扫描仪根本没人看管,就是学生自己用,这在国内的大学几乎是不可想象的。
国内大学的图书馆近年来也有一些大的变化,一个突出的特点就是“大”。大图书馆很气派,可学生们使用却不方便,从宿舍或教学楼到图书馆要走很远不说,查找自己需要的图书也颇费神,还有好多图书找不到。
哈佛的图书馆散布在学校之中,图书馆所在的建筑物也不高,学生们走进图书馆十分方便。哈佛法学院的图书馆尤其令我印象深刻,座位都十分宽敞,相当于国内大学图书馆中三到四个学生的位置,而且所有其他院系的学生都可使用。
另外,国内大学图书馆的功能已经悄然变化:不是学生借阅图书的地方,倒成了学生们的自修室。去年,某高校图书馆对馆藏资源的利用率进行了统计,结果显示,新购买图书的零借阅率为40%—60%,新购图书的借阅情况都如此不乐观,可见整体借阅情况是多么不堪。而在哈佛,到图书馆借阋图书则成为学习的必须。
这是与哈佛的教学要求相关的。哈佛十分重视教学,不管教授的.学术水平多高,包括诺贝尔奖获得者,都必须给本科生上课。教育学院的一位留学生让我看了几门课程的学习要求,每一门课老师都布置学生阅读10本以上的图书。学生们须老老实实把书借来,认真阅读,否则就跟不上课程,在讨论课上插不上嘴,也难以完成课程论文的撰写(有的课程要生完成三篇课程论文)。读书对所有哈佛学生来说,都是一件很“辛苦”的事。在图书馆里读书到通宵,是不少学生都曾有的经历。当然,国内大学有的学生也有这种经历,但那是发生在复习迎考的一两周中,“临时抱佛脚”突击准备。
人们常说,大学里教授和图书馆是最重要的两大资源,哈佛将这两者有机地统一在一起。由此给我们展示的是一个学习氛围特别浓郁的大学景象。虽然哈佛没有校门,公交车就在学校教学楼、图书馆门前停靠,间或还有汽车喇叭声,但你不觉得这里嘈杂、浮躁,走进图书馆,就走进了学习的圣殿。可为何在国内,大学门禁森严,却很难呼吸到学习的空气呢?
有哈佛学生告诉我,有这100座图书馆在,哈佛就会一直在。我想,他所指的是哈佛的精神。而国内大学的图书馆,更多的是被称为“图书馆”的一座建筑,并没有活的灵魂,与大学和学生的教育,似乎并没有多大的关系。
《notre dame cathedral》 is one known far and wide romantic faction strength which victor hugo writes . i take advantage of this summer vacation free time, read this great work.
notre dame cathedral's story, actually was one at that time social epic poem, since brimmed with really. friendly. beautiful, also the flow selfish desire and is false. regardless of is good beautiful asmelada ,or has the ugly semblance, cacimodo with one pure mind, they represent the great amount the lower level populace which suppresses; perhaps is sinister coloud, he is appears by the theocracy face, all load bearing one kind of author's ponder.the author in this work, for with the clown, was beautifully friendly and wickedly does the best annotation, or take above three people as the example, the rebel asmelada has the beautiful semblance and the chaste good mind, as well as pitiful destiny, but cacimodo, he withstood destiny deceive nicely, the innermost feelings is his misery is graver, but coloud maintained the benighted social rights and interests, he had brutally. void mind and evil passion. good person physique hateful, but the evil person actually says the appearance shore however, bright set off, social unfair manifest.
but the article result also is when the opposition society until criticism: all beautiful is good all swallows by the might and the evil, the lower level people's weak strength in under the king power rule, in the benighted society, only can be reduced to ashes. was palatial notre dame cathedral, how many world tragedy testimony once, in hugo the novel, he as if had the life breath, he sheltered asmelada ,exposed coloud the crime, regret the populace attack the magnificent feat which dark actually heroically devoted...
another the question which is worth pondering is: who is the hero? asmelada or cacimodo? i think all is not, but is in the article by the louis 11 rank smell of blood suppression rather for sacreficed the populace gate, asmelada with cacimodo is not in them the representative, asmelada is loves with the beautiful symbol, cacimodo not many represents is unfortunate and the pain. but they, all suffer a tragic middle ages ignorant evil forces devastate, one each one painful soul is bleeding, flows the tear. merely is notre dame cathedral's above engraves " the destiny "? they are in middle ages france, despotism sacrificial victim.
the entire story rich tragic color, the plot intense is moving, exciting. author hugo through " notre dame cathedral " this story, but also disclosed at that time the dark society's essence to the people. this fascinating story likes that ccimodo clocks sound equally shocks several generation of readers' minds.
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