1。 头绪分明,脉络清楚
写好记叙文,首先要头绪分明,脉络清楚,明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析,弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程,然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个“ W ”和一个“ H ”有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这些“ W ”和“ H ”,但动笔之前,围绕五个“ W ”和“ H ”进行构思是必不可少的。
2。 突出中心,详略得当
在文章的框架确定后,对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍,应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,定好详略。要突出重点,详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节,略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化,使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题,也需要一定的技巧。如:
One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children。 They have not eaten for days。" I took some food with me and went。
When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破坏外貌) by hunger。 There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger。
I gave the rice to the mother。 She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice。 When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors — they are hungry also!"
3。 用活语言,准确生动
记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动,又要表现力强,这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动,其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。
原文:
One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away。 He was soon lost among people and traffic。 He could not find the way back home and started crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying。 They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened。 Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived。 The two students decided to take him home。 Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound。 She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didn't take it。 She served them with tea but they left。
修改后:
The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street。 After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home。 But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic。 When he could not find the way home, he started and crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop。 They immediately went up to him。
"Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked。
"I want Mom, I go home。" said the boy, still crying。
"Don't worry, we'll send you home。"
And they spent the next two hours looking for the boy's house。 With the help of a policeman, they finally found it。
When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house。 Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea。
之所以有人技高一筹,是因为他们会冷静地思考,混乱的思考如同夏日里的风暴,把一切吹的乱七八糟。
热情固然是好的,过度的激动只能叫头脑发热。智者告诉我们:镇定能从危难中获得救赎。
东汉末年,袁绍以保护圣驾为名,讨伐曹操,进攻白马。白马是曹操的战略要地,十分重要,曹操毫不慌乱,率兵攻打袁绍的老窝-邺城。袁绍听后气急败坏,连忙带兵增援。曹操探知如此,掉转方向,进军白马,围攻白马城的袁军还未弄清怎么一回事,就被气势汹汹的曹军***了个大败,落荒而逃。
曹操胜于了冷静,袁绍败于慌乱,历史告诉我沉着冷静是胜利的天平倾斜的砝码。
子曰:学而不思则罔,这说明学习是从思考开始的,我不会去思考那些花木兰姓不姓花一类无关痛痒的问题,我有时思考简单与复杂,人的结构复杂,人性也就复杂,细菌结构简单,生活也简单,思考哲学、思考数学、思考物理,小而言之,思考为解题带来思路;大而言之,思考使我更会思考。
鲁迅先生说:“人类急需一场思想的拯救。”现在的人们何尝不需要?大家忙于快节奏的生活,即使是脑力劳动者,也只思考与自己职业相关的事物,说到底,就是赚钱——生活——赚钱。大家都忙于生活,没有多少人能真正静下来思考。偶有两种人能做到,一种是日暮西山的老者,一种是初春新芽似的婴儿。而前者只顾回首一生,后者什么也不懂。一个国家经济再雄厚,科技再发达,都少不了伟大思想的牵引。这种思想是经过思考才得出来的,可不是心血来潮。
不思考,就没有思想,没有思想,就没有智慧。即使是骗子的伎俩,也是仔细琢磨出来的东西,要不怎么骗人呢?可见,只有经过思考,才能有创造。思考是一切的根本,也是个人成功的跟本。
现代人忙于工作,勤于娱乐,却越娱越不乐。静下心来思考,才能获得真正的娱乐,心中想快乐,快乐才会到来。
每个人都需要快乐,所以要静下来思考,我也不例外,我要实现梦想,就要思考,因此,我的生活要冷静的思考。
导入:
第1段:提出一种现象或某个决定作为议论的话题
As a student, I am strongly in favour of the decision. (亮明自己的观点是赞成还是反对
The reasons for this may be listed as follows. (过渡句,承上启下
正文:
第2段:First of all... Secondly... Besides...(列出2~3个赞成或反对的`理由
结论:
第3段:In conclusion, I believe that... (照应第1段,构成"总—分—总"结构
1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
你们好!
很长时间没写信了,格式都块忘记了,请原谅。在我的记忆中,这好像是我第二次给你们写信了。我在这里生活的很好,就是前些日子我们的热水器坏了,只能冲冷水澡了,不过你们放心,现在热水器又开始工作了。这里的生活也挺忙碌的:上午3节课,下午3节课,晚上还要晚自习,早上还有早自习呢,大概都是45分钟一节课。在这里,我交了许多好朋友,她们有从苏州来的,有从海盐来的',还有一位是杭、苏人(生在杭州,但在苏州读书),我们下课一起玩耍,上课一起分享知识的蜜果,别提有多高兴了!
不过在夏令营中,我认为最倒霉的事是:和张?宁一个房间。现在在我们班里,她可是臭名远扬,几乎所有的人都讨厌她,都恨不得以她为敌。为什么呢?因为她骄傲自大,以为在她们班的QQ群上是老大,就觉得在这个班上也是老大,就摆出一幅老大的架子,谁看着都讨厌,她总是命令别人去做这做那,自己却很不守信用。记得有一次,我借她小灵通玩,然后让她帮我洗一下衣服(那天我的手指破了,洗起衣服来非常痛。)她一口答应了,结果到了洗衣服的时候,却说:“你这些衣服这么脏,这么烂,谁高兴给你洗,自己洗去!”我非常生气,就说:“那我也不借你小灵通玩了!”她若无其事地回答道:“不玩就不玩,谁稀罕你这破小灵通啊?”我当时火冒三丈,但没办法,只好依着她来了。记得还有一次,她妈打电话来说要做剑桥作业,她自己嫌难,懒得做,竟然叫苏雯珍帮她做,当时苏雯珍正好没事做,就答应她了,事后苏雯珍也挺后悔的,但是张?宁,一点儿也看不出后悔,依然消遥自在。张?宁自称学过跆拳道,就总欺负人,到现在已经踩黄阅的脚n次了,却一次对不起都没说,她上一次把王心怡的头撞了,却把责任推到我身上。她自己要面子的来要死,在暗地里却总是嘲笑别人,搞得她变成了人见人恨的“大仇人”。
爸爸妈妈,这几天我好想你们,老是躲在被窝里偷偷的哭。自从到了杭州,我才知道你们平日里照顾我有多么辛苦了,我以后再也不向你们乱发脾气了。
祝身体健康快快乐乐每一天
宝贝女儿:***
20**年*月*日
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