To see a world in a grain of sand,
And a heaven in a wild flower,
Hold infinity in the palm of your hand,
And eternity in an hour.
一沙一世界,
一花一天堂,
手中即无限,
永恒亦短暂。
1)笔记本
成册笔记本可用来抄原文、写提纲、记心得、写综述。长处是便于保存,缺点是不便分类,但可按类单独成册。
2)活页本
可用来记各种各样笔记。便于分类,节约纸张也便于日后查阅。
3)卡片
便于分类,可按目排列,便于灵活调动又节省纸张,但篇幅小,内容不宜长。一是每张卡片最好只写一个问题,一个事例。这样既灵活,又不乱,便于分类整理装订成册。二是每张卡片须注明资料来源、书名、篇名、版本、卷首、页码等,便于查找。三是随着学习水平的提高,应注意积累卡片向某些方面集中,使之更加系统化和深化。四是一定要养成定期整理的习惯,按性质或需要把卡片编上页码,分类插放。既为查找使用提供方便,又可在整理过程中使自己平时分散、零碎的知识系统、条理起来。
4)剪报
把报纸和有用资料剪下来,长文章可贴在笔记本或活页本上,短小材料可贴在卡片上。剪报材料可加评注,也可分类张贴,要注明出处,以便使用。
5)全文复印
重要读书材料,为保持完整性,可全文复印编目分类留用。
6)书签式
平时读书时遇到需要背诵的内容,可记在书签上,夹在书里、放在口袋里或插在专放书签的袋子里,一有空就读一读背一背,记得牢为止,再把它存放起来。可以帮助记忆。
7)台历式笔记
可以利用台历,把阅读中看到的精辟的箴言、警句、典故、谚语、学习中的疑问和心得记录在台历上。这些台历上的只言片语经过日积月累,汇聚起来却如同珍宝。台历笔记还可用来自我督促捡查学习情况,哪天记了,哪天没记,一目了然。
做读书笔记方法是多样的,其形式也是多样的。我们要根据实际情况做读书笔记,采用合适的方法及形式。当然,本文只是对如何做读书笔记及其形式做了个大概的介绍及总结,我们也可以根据实际情况,创造出更多的方法及形式来,但我们的目标是一致的,即灵活高效地提高读书效果,提升知识水平。
Nowadays, many famous university campuses have become one of the popular tourist attractions. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that every year thousands and thousands of middle school students visit Tsing Hua University and Peking University and other famous universities in China. In the place far away from the capital city, the local students also visit the universities famous in their own province.
So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to open the university campus for tourists? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing for the students to visit the famous university campus in that it can enable the middle students to get more information about the university and they can have enough time and opportunity to prepare themselves with the chance to get into the university. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, the public tourism will have negative effect on the universities because it will not only do harm to the environment but also to the intellectual atmosphere.
In my opinion, the tourism to the universities is not a good thing. The campus is mainly a place for study. With the increasing tourism on the campus, it will ruin the spiritual atmosphere in this learning field.
首先,提纯范文 “谋篇布局”及结构模板。
第一段:提出问题或现象。Nowadays, … … have become one of the popular … …. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that … ….
第二段:正反列举人们的看法。So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to … …? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing for … … in that … …. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, … … will have negative effect on … … because it will not only do harm to … … but also to … ….
第三段:摆明自己观点。In my opinion, … … is not a good thing. … … With the increasing … …, it will ruin … ….
其次,提纯范文“段落写作”。
段落写作分为统一性,连贯性和完整性三方面。
统一性(unity:段落开头的主题句应该做到不可太宽泛,也不可太具体,做到有较强的概括性才能使下文做到有的放矢的展开。范文第二段首句以设问的方式提出一个问题is it a good or bad thing就有很强的概况性。下文自然会一方面从好的方面说明,另一方面从坏的方面说明。
连贯性(coherence:关联词是使文章段落之间相互连贯的必要条件。范文中nowadays, on one hand, on the other hand, in one’s opinion即以“启承转合”递进的顺序是文章条理清晰,层层展开。
完整性(completeness:以设问句“So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to open the university campus for tourists?”开头,这是平时较少运用的段落写作方式——设问法。“On one hand … …. On the other hand, … ….”是段落写作分类列举法的典型用法。
再次,提纯范文“句子写作”。
1. It has been shown that … …
类似句型:It is known to us that … …
It is said that … …
It is reported that … …
It is controversial that … …
2. “… … Tsing Hua University and Peking University and other famous universities … …。”——并列句。并列句是简单的复杂句。但其运用方法并不简单,注意练习并接句的使用,会使句子显的更加饱满。
3. enable v. 使…能够
I gave him full directions to enable him to find the house.
4. in that = because
表“因为”的连词还有since, for, as,如:
The boy was absent because he was ill. = The boy was absent since he was ill.
此句以我们常用的人称开头,句式简单,我们可以通过把since提前改变句式,如:
Since the boy was ill, he was absent. 句式多样化。
最后,提纯范文“措辞”。
1. attraction n. 具有吸引力的事情。
2. thousands and thousands 成千上万的
形容“多”的表达方法:millions and millions
a multitude of
a great deal of
a large amount of
plenty of
many a
3. “some people argued that … …”中的“argue”并不是“讨论,辩论”的意思,而是“认为”。
I argue that … …
I maintain that … …
I claim that … …
I insist that … … = I think that … …
I hold that … …
I assert that … …
I assume that … …
4. negative adj. 否定的.,相反的
hold negative view = hold opposite opinions
5. phenomenon n. 现象
social phenomenon 社会现象
natural phenomenon 自然现象
6. intellectual adj. 聪明的= intelligent, bright, clever
(选词策略:使用最近所学的单词,如intellectual > intelligent > bright > clever
在分析并掌握范文之后,我们需要运用范文知识练习仿写。笔者运用2005年12月范文中的模板结构仿写了2006年12月的四级作文,以供参考:
1. 许多人喜欢在除夕夜看春节晚会
2. 但有些人提出取消春节晚会
3. 我的看法
Nowadays, the Spring Festival Evening has become one of the popular topic and attractions during every traditional New Year’s Eve. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that every year thousands and thousands of Chinese people appear to be accustomed to enjoying the sights and sounds of a brilliant feast, while gathering with their beloved family.
However, an increasing number of people have voiced different opinions towards it. So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to cancel the Spring Festival Evening? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing to amuse the audience in that it is composed by a numerous adequate programs, such as the emotional song, the graceful dance, the funny short sketch, the amusing comic dialogue, the delightful magic, and the marvelous acrobatics and so on. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, the Spring Festival Evening will have negative effect on the family harmony because it will not only do harm to having the talks between family members on the Spring Festival Eve but also to enjoying the gourmet meal in a fancy restaurant.
In my opinion, the Spring Festival Evening is a good thing. It may not remain a must for all people, but it can bring us a strong sense of festivity and serve as an alternative among the variety of holiday activities. With the increasing audience of the Spring Festival Evening, it will ruin a distinctive culture during the Spring Festival vacation.
① “三复四温”式阅读和“不动笔墨不读书”读书法
②王梓坤的抄读法
③苏步青的多读、精读法。
假期里,闲来无事时,我喜欢拿《小学语文教师》杂志细细品读。其中有一篇《小学生课外阅读的有效指导》给我流下了很深的印象,使我收益非浅。
在当今信息量激增的社会里,让学生学会搜集,处理信息,培养学生较强的课外阅读能力已迫在眉睫,这也需要我们小学语文教师去引导学生在会读一本书的基础上,走出课堂,走向生活,广泛开展课外阅读活动,博览群书,吸收名家名篇的语言精华。开展语文课外阅读,不仅有利于学生开拓视野,陶冶情操,而且也是学生积累语言,丰富知识的有效方法。
当前,课外阅读活动的开展大多由老师自行组织安排,由于缺乏统一组织规划,难免带有很大的随意性,学生在阅读的质和量上都难以得到保证。
【摘录:《语文课程标准》中已经明确规定:小学第一学段课外阅读总量不少于5万,以后逐渐递加。第二学段不少于40万,第三学段不少于100万。《语文课程标准》还提倡读整本书,并在附录中提出了关于“课外读物的建议。”那么,我们该做些什么?答案只有一个,那就是指导孩子们进行广泛的课外阅读,让孩子们在一条有航标的书海中遨游。】
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