“形容词短语”省略的理由和方式,与“分词短语”作后置定语一样。当它们不是句中的重点信息,就可以去掉关系代词和be动词。形容词作后置定语同定语从句一样,可以分为“限制性”和“非限制性”。
例1:I bought this comic book hot off the press. 我买了这本刚刚出版的漫画书。
例2:She is a kind lady, ready to help others. 她是一个善良的女人, 总是帮助别人。
例3:Companies large and small the world over have been developing their own “corporate universities”. 全世界大大小小的公司都一直在办自己的“公司大学”。
I have a great mother. She cares much about me in my life and study.
In the morning, she gets up early to make breakfast for me. When I was little, she prepared my schoolbag. But now, she tells me to do it by myself. Because she thinks I have been old enough to do it. Besides, she always checks my homework. When I finish my homework, she checks it and points out the mistakes. She is very careful and helps me a lot.
I love my mother.
“现在分词短语”作后置定语
此项要明白三点:(1“现在分词短语”与前面的名词一定是主谓关系;(2它隐含的时态为与谓语动词同一阶段的时态。例如:谓语是一般现在时或将来时,现在分词所隐含的是现在时、现在正在继续时;如果谓语动词为一般过去时或将来时,现在分词所隐含的时态为过去时、过去正在进行时;(3being+-ed表示“正在进行时的被动语态”。如果信息的`中心在什么时候可以用现在分词呢?
(1当被修饰的名词为“不定代词”、“泛指意义的名词”或“专有名词”,可用现在分句短语作后置定语
由于主语是泛指,句子的意思往往表达的是一条“道理”或一件“事实”,所以它们的隐含时为“一般现在时”,此时就可以用分词短语作后置定语。为了看清分词所隐含的时态,配上定语。
为了读者看得明白,配上定语从句,把分词所替代的时间展示出来。
例1:Anyone touching that wire will get an electric stock.
任何人碰到那根电线就会触电。
= Anyone who touches that wire will get an electric stock.
例2:The only real and lasting solution is to convince people that driving is a skilled taskrequiring (=which requires constant care and concentration.
唯一一个有效、持久的方法是说法人们相信,开车是一种技术活,需要不断的小心,思想不能开小差。
例3:Charles and Sydney, looking (=who lookso much like each other, are often considered to be twins.
查尔斯和悉尼两个人的相貌非常相似,经常被人误解为双胞胎。
注:虽然被修饰的词是泛指意义的词,但是如果从句里的时态不是同步,则不可以用“现在分词”去作后置定语,只能用“定语从句”。
例句Do you know anybody who has lost a dog?
你知道有谁丢了一只猫?
(2 当被修饰的名词为特指,即有the限定,可用现在分句短语作后置定语
此类与上面一类一样,与被修饰词之间的关系为主动关系,所不同的是它强调该动词“正在进行”。
例1:Would you help me to pass this note to the person sitting in the corner?
能帮助我把这个条子递给坐在角落的那个人吗?
= Would you help me to pass this note to the person who is sitting in the corner?
注:同上一个“注”道理一样,本项虽然主句的主语是特指,但两个动作时态不是在同一阶段时间内发生,所以也不能用“现在分词”作定语,只能用“定语从句”。
例:The police are questioning the criminal who robbed the bank.
警察在审问那个抢劫银行的犯人。
(4“Being+过去分词”表示“正在进行时的被动语态”
“Being+过去分词”作后置定语等同于含有“正在进行时+被动语态”的定语从句。请注意与下面的“过去分词”作后置定语的区别,此项里的being是不可以省略的,否定表示现在时、完成时和过去时的被动关系了(详见2“过去分词”作后置定语。
例1:The dormitory being built is for girl students.
正在盖的宿舍是给女生住的。
例2:The baby being taken care of by my mother is mine.
正在由我妈妈带的这个婴儿是我的。
“过去分词短语”作后置定语
此项要明白三点:(1“过去分词短语”与前面的名词一定是动宾关系;(2主句为一般现在时或一般将来时,“过去分词”所隐含的时态是“一般现在时”或“现在完成时”。如果有时间/地点状语或有by引导的介词,还可以替代过去时,因为时间/地点状语以及by引导的状语都是强调的是动作。当谓语动词是“一般过去时或过去将来时”的时候,“过去分词”所隐含的时态是“一般过去时”或“过去完成时”。下面同样用分词与定语从句对比的方式要看看“过去分词”所替代的时态。
例1:The risk associated with a particular course of action may be lessened by use of a group rather than an individual decision-maker. 对于作出某项行动的决定,集体作的要比个人作的风险小。
= The risk which is associated with a particular course of action may be lessened by use of a group rather than an individual decision-maker. (由于主句为一般现在时,从句的时态与它同步,所以可以省略关系代词和助动词
例2:In fall 1992, people in Iowa sent truckloads of water to help Floridians hit(=which was hit by a hurricane.
在1992年的秋天,爱荷华州的居民将好几辆卡车的水送到受飓风袭击的佛罗里达州人的手里。
例3:I’d like to make some comments on the meeting held (=which was heldyesterday. 我想对昨天召开的会议发表一点看法。
介词短语替代定语从句有两种方式:(1省略“关系副词+主语+be动词”,或“关系代词+be动词”;(2根据从句的意思改编。
例1:We have never forgotten the days (when we were at college.
我们从来没有忘记在大学对书的日子。
例2:I don’t know the person (who is in your office.
在你办公司的那个人我不认识。
例3:Those who have high expectations but do not have those relationship skills are likely to be brought down to earth fairly quickly as their Prince or Princess Charming falls off their pedestal.
改为:Those with high expectations but without those relationship skills are likely to be brought down to earth fairly quickly as their Prince or Princess Charming falls off their pedestal.
那些对婚姻期望太高却又不具备处理婚姻关系技巧的人,一旦他们心中的白马王子或白雪公主从神圣的光环里跌落,他们就会很快地回到现实中。
例4:He is not a person who likes to haggle over every ounce.
改为:He is a person above personal interests.
他不是一个斤斤计较的人。
1.主句是一般现在时,从句可以为各种时态。
2.主句是一般过去时,从句要用相应过去时态。
注意:从句描绘客观事实、真理、自然现象等,从句时态不受主句时态限制,仍用一般现在时。
例句:He answered that he was listening to me.
Father told me that practice makes perfect .
1.从句为陈述句,常选择引导词that,that引导宾语从句无意义,不充当句子成分常省略。例句:He told us (that they would help us through the whole work.
2.从句为一般疑问句,常选择引导词if或whether,表示“是否”。在whether … or not结构中不能用if替换。例句:I don’t know if there will be a bus any more.
3.从句为特殊疑问句,常选择what,when,where,which,who,how等的疑问代词、副词作引导词。例句:He didn’t tell me when we should meet again.
基本概念定语:用于修饰名词或代词的成分就叫定语。 定语从句:如果修饰某个名词或代词的定语是一个完整的句子,这个句子就叫定语从句。定语从句所修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。定语从句放在先行词后面。定语从句的引导:定语从句的引导词代替的是先行词。
1、当定语从句所修饰的名词是事、物时,用that/which引导,且that/which在定语从句中作主语或宾语。e.g:a.Thisisthepenthat/whichIboughtyesterday.
2.当定语从句所修饰的名词是人时用that/who引导,引导词再从句中做主语或宾语。
3.定语从句修饰的\'名词时地点时用which/that或where引导:若地点名词在定语从句中是作主语或宾语就用that/which引导,是作地点状语则用where引导,可与“介词+which”互换。作visited的宾语作介词in的宾语作work的地点状语
4.当定语从句修饰的名词是时间名词时:若在定语从句中作主语或宾语用that/which,作时间状语则用when,同样可与“介词+which”互换。
5.当定语从句所修饰的名词在定语从句中表示原因时用why。’tcomeisstillamystery.
6.当定语从句修饰的名词和引导词后面的那个词之间是所有关系时,用whose引导。女儿已经出国的那个人是位医生
7.一些特殊情况:
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