Study is our student's personality.But many students will ask, why we must learn knowledge. Is knowledge so important to us?If we don't need to pass the exam, should we still need the knowledge?
As I am concerned, study is not only a personality of students, but also a personality of all people throughout their lives.People need to learn the knowledge whoever they are.If people don't learn knowledge, there will have no way to do things and become ignorant about world.Can you imagine a world that no people have knowledge?Leaving knowledge,the world would no get progress.If people don't learn knowledge, there will be no people to know how to use the computer ,how to write the news, even how to communicate with others.
So learning knowledge is a very important thing, it consists of our world.
是写信人对收信人的称呼用语。位置在信内地址下方一、二行的地方,从该行的顶格写起,在称呼后面一般用逗号(英国式),也可以用冒号(美国式)。
(1)写给亲人、亲戚和关系密切的朋友时,用dear或my dear再加上表示亲属关系的称呼或直称其名(这里指名字,不是姓氏)。例如:my dear father,dear tom等。
(2)写给公务上的信函用dear madam,dear sir或gentleman(gentlemen)。注意:dear纯属公务上往来的客气形式。gentlemen总是以复数形式出现,前不加dear,是dear sir的复数形式。
(3)写给收信人的信,也可用头衔、职位、职称、学位等再加姓氏或姓氏和名字。例如:dear prof. tim scales, dear dr.john smith。
It ______ ______ ______ the train will be late.
答案:is likely that
2. It is likely that the typhoon will sweep across the island.
The typhoon ______ ______ ______ ______ across the island.
答案:is likely to sweep
3. I think trying to stop the couple quarrelling will be of no use.
I think it's ______ ______ ______ to stop the couple quarrelling.
答案:no use trying
4. Every time I was in trouble, he had no hesitation in helping me.
Every time I was in trouble, he came to help me ______ ______.
答案:without hesitation
5. He never hesitates to help if I have any problem.
He always helps me ______ ______ if I have any problem.
答案:without hesitation
6. I crossed the street so as not to meet him, but he saw me and came running towards me.
I crossed the street to ______ ______ him, but he saw me and came running towards me.
答案:avoid seeing
7. It seems that the students in that class have all passed the qualified exam.
All of the students in that class ______ ______ ______ ______ the qualified exam.
答案:seem to have passed
8. It seems that the boys of the class are playing football on the playground.
The boys of the class ______ ______ ______ ______ football on the playground.
答案:seem to be playing
位置在下面称呼语隔一行,是信的核心部分。因此要求正文层次分明、简单易懂。和中文信不同的是,正文中一般不用hello!(你好!)
正文有缩进式和齐头式两种。每段书信第一行的第一个字母稍微向右缩进些,通常以五个字母为宜,每段第二行从左面顶格写起,这就是缩进式。
但美国人写信各段落往往不用缩进式,用齐头式,即每一行都从左面顶格写起。商务信件大都采用齐头式的写法。
一、英文书信的结构
第一节英文书信的结构
英文书信一般由以下六部分组成:信头、信内地址、称呼、正文、结尾、签名。
1.信头(Heading)
信头是指发信人的地址和日期,通常写在第一页的右上角。行首可以齐头写,也可以逐行缩进写。地址的书写顺序由小到大:门牌号、街道、城市、省(州)、邮编、国名,最后写发信日期。私人信件一般只写寄信日期即可。例如:
123 Tianhe Road
Tianhe District
Guangzhou 510620
Guangdong Province
P. R. C.
Jan 8,20xx
2.信内地址(Inside Address)
信内地址要写收信人的姓名和地址。在公务信件中要写明这一项,在私人信件中,这一项常常省略。该项写在写信日期下一行的左上角,格式与寄信人地址一样。
3.称呼(Salutation)
称呼是对收信人的`称谓,应与左边线对齐,写在收信人姓名、地址下面1—2行处。在称呼后,英国人常用逗号,美国人则常用冒号。在私人信件中可直呼收信人的名字,但公务信件中一定要写收信人的姓。大部分信件在称呼前加“Dear”。如:
Dear Professor/Prof。 Bergen:
Dear Dr。 Johnson,
对不相识的人可按性别称呼:
Dear Sir:或Dear Madam:Dear Ladies。
如果不知收信人的性别则可用Dear Sir or Madam:
4.正文(Body of Letter)
正文是书信的主体。与中文信件不同的是,英文书信的正文的开头不是先写一些问候语,再阐明写信的目的,而是直接说明写信人的身份及写信的目的,然后提出写信人的情况、想法或要求,并加以必要的解释或说明。英文书信陈述目的时,应该直截了当,意思明确,层次清楚,言简意赅。
书信正文的第一句话或第一段,通常被称为起首语。一般说来,人们习惯用一些客套的写法作为书信正文的起始,即先将对方来信的日期、主题加以简单描述,以便使对方一看便知该信是回答哪一封信的。如果是第一次给别人写信,也可用开头语作必要的自我介绍,并表明自己写信的主要目的。
5.结尾礼词(Complimentary Close)
公务信件的结尾礼词包含两部分:发信人的结尾套语与署名。结
尾套语写在签名上面一行,第一个字母要大写,套语结尾后面要加逗号。在公务信件中,发信人常用的结尾套语有:
Yours truly,Yours sincerely,Respectfully yours,Cordially yours,Yours cordially等。
私人信件中,发信人常用的结尾套语有:
Sincerely yours,Lovely yours,Your lovely,Your loving son/daughter等。
6. 签名(Signature)
写信人的签名常位于结尾礼词正下方一二行。除非是给很熟悉的人写信,签名一般须写出全名。签名常常较潦草,不易辨认,因此在签名的正下方须打印出全名。
第二节书信作文的出题形式和写作要领
1990年到20xx年1月之间的四级考试作文题中,书信作文共出现两次(20xx年6月和20xx年1月)。下面,我们先来看看20xx年6月四级考试的作文题:
Directions:For this part,you are allowed thirty minutes to write a letter。 Suppose you are Zhang Ying。 Write a letter to Xiao Wang,a schoolmate of yours who is going to visit you during the week—long holiday。 You should write at least 120 words according to the suggestion given below in Chinese:
1.表示欢迎
2.提出对度假安排的建议
3.提醒应注意的事项
A Letter to a Schoolmate
June 23,20xx
Dear Xiao Wang,
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________.
Yours,
Zhang Ying
从上面的例子可见,书信作文不仅给出正文部分的内容的提纲,而且还给出书信各部分的结构的框架。也就是说,我们只要考虑如何表达提纲部分的内容,而不用考虑书信的结构。
在写书信作文时,首先要把书信正文的提纲内容细化,扩展成更细的英文提纲,然后用简洁、明了、礼貌、正确和得体的语言表达出细化了的提纲内容。例如前面的那封信就可以列出下面的提纲:Topic:A Letter to a SchoolmateQuestion:What are the holiday arrangements and points for attention?
Outline:
I.Extending my welcome
II.Holiday schedule
1.1st day – campus
2. 2nd day – the art gallery & music hall
3. 3rd day – mountain climbing4。 next 3 days – other places of interest(Swan Cave,Golden Lake?)
4. Last day – departure
III.Points for attention
1.Train number & time of arrival
2. Sunglasses
IV. Looking forward to seeing you。
1.Conclusion
范文:
A Letter to A Schoolmate
June 23,20xx
Dear Xiao Wang,
I’m very glad to learn that you’re going to visit me during the week—long holiday.My parents will also be happy to see you again.I am sure you will enjoy every minute here.
I have arranged our schedule for the holiday as follows.On the first day you arrive,I’ll show you around our campus. On the second day,we’ll visit the art gallery and the music hall. Next day,we’ll climb a hill in the northeastern part of the city.On the top of the hill,we can have a wonderful bird’s eye view of the city. During the next three days,we’ll make some short trips to some places of interest.
Yours,
Zhang Ying
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