这是一个终身学习的时代,知识是人类最重要的资产。有效的知识管理对于教育的整体发展与全面革新具有积极意义。受之以鱼不如授之以渔,通过英语学习策略的知识管理,可以优化语言学习的过程和效果,有利于提高学生的自主学习能力,把他们培养成为终身学习者。
organizations
who are managers
A manager is someone who coordinates and oversees the work of other people so that organizational goals can be accomplished.
How do we define who managers are
we have first-line managers, the lowest level of management ,manage the work of nonmanagerial employees who typically are involved with producing the organization’s products or servicing the organization’s customers. First-line managers often have the title of supervisor, but they may also called shift managers, district managers, department managers, office managers, or even foreperson. middle managers include all levels of management between the first level and the top level of the organization. These managers manage the work of first-line managers and may have titles such as regional manager, project leader, plant manager, or division manager. At or near the upper levels of the organizational structure are the top managers, who are responsible for making organization-wide decisions and establishing the plans and goals that affect the entire organization. These individuals typically have titles such as executive vice president, president, managing director, chief operating officer, chief executive officer, or chairperson.
what is management
management involves coordinating and overseeing the work activities of others so that their activities are completed efficiently and effectively.
Efficiency refers to getting the most output from the least amount of inputs.
Effectiveness is often described as doing things right, that is, not wasting resources.
what do managers do
management researchers have, after many years of study, developed three specific categorization schemes to describe what managers do: functions, roles, and skills. management functions
Planning: managers define goals, establish strategies for achieving those goals, and develop plans to integrate and coordinate activities.
organizing: managers are responsible for arranging and structuring work to accomplish the organization’s goals.
Leading: managers motivate subordinate, help resolve work group conflicts, influence individuals or teams as they work, select the most effective communication channel, or deal in any way with employee behavior issues.
controlling: managers have to monitor, compare and correct everything that is deviating. management roles
The term management roles refers to specific categories of managerial behavior.
Interpersonal roles are roles that involve people and other duties that are ceremonial symbolic in nature. The three interpersonal roles include figurehead, leader, and liaison.
Informational roles involve collecting, receiving, and disseminating information. The three informational roles are monitor, disseminator, and spokesperson.
Decisional roles entail making decisions or choices. The four decisional roles are entrepreneur, disturbance handler, resource allocator, and negotiator.
management skills
Technical skills are the job-specific knowledge and techniques needed to proficiently perform specific tasks. These skills tend to be more important for lower-level managers because they typically are managing employees who are suing tools and techniques to produce the organization’s products or service the organization’s customers.
Human skills involve the ability to work well with other people both individually and in a group. Because managers deal directly with people, these skills are essential and equally important at all levels of management.
conceptual skills are the skills managers use to think and to conceptualize about abstract and complex situations. Using these skills, managers must see the organization as a whole, understand the relationships among various subunits, and visualize how the organization fits into its broader environment.
How the manager’s job is changing
what is an organization
An organization is a deliberate arrangement of people to accomplish some specific purpose.
Becoming a manager
1. Keep up with current business news.
2. Read books about good and bad examples of managing.
3. Remember that one of the things good managers do is discover what is unique about each
person and capitalize on it.
4. Keep in mind the simple advice of the late Peter Drucker, who has been called the most
influential management thinker of the twentieth century: management is about people.
5. work on your soft skills—work ethic, communications, information gathering, and people
skills. These are what employers cite as the most important factors for getting jobs.
6. observe managers and how they handle people and situations.
7. Talk actual managers about their experiences—good and bad.
8. Get experience in managing by taking on leadership roles in student organizations.
9. Start thinking about whether you’d enjoy being a manager.
从前,有两个饥饿的人得到了一位长者的恩赐:一根鱼竿和一篓鲜活硕大的鱼。其中,一个人要了一篓鱼,另一个人要了一根鱼竿,于是他们分道扬镳了。得到鱼的人原地就用干柴搭起篝火煮起了鱼,他狼吞虎咽,还没有品出鲜鱼的肉香,转瞬间,连鱼带汤就被他吃了个精光,不久,他便饿死在空空的鱼篓旁。另一个人则提着鱼竿继续忍饥挨饿,一步步艰难地向海边走去,可当他已经看到不远处那片蔚蓝色的.海洋时,他浑身的最后一点力气也使完了,他也只能眼巴巴地带着无尽的遗憾撒手人间。
又有两个饥饿的人,他们同样得到了长者恩赐的一根鱼竿和一篓鱼。只是他们并没有各奔东西,而是商定共同去找寻大海,他俩每次只煮一条鱼,他们经过遥远的跋涉,来到了海边,从此,两人开始了捕鱼为生的日子,几年后,他们盖起了房子,有了各自的家庭、子女,有了自己建造的渔船,过上了幸福安康的生活。
一个人只顾眼前的利益,得到的终将是短暂的欢愉;一个人目标高远,但也要面对现实的生活。只有把理想和现实有机结合起来,才有可能成为一个成功之人。有时候,一个简单的道理,却足以给人意味深长的生命启示。
尊敬的Ben先生(老板的名字:
①Please accept this letter as formal notification that I am leaving my position with XXX company on August 7.
请接受这封辞职信,我将于八月七日正式辞去我在XXX公司的职位。
③Although I have enjoyed my job, I have received an offer for another company that I feel is better suited6 to my career objectives.
虽然很喜欢日前的工作,但我已得到另一家公司提供的'更适合我事业目标的职位。
④Thank you for your kind attention and would appreciate if you could let me have a reference letter before I leave.
感谢您对我的关照,如果您能为我写一封推荐信,我将不胜感激。
⑤I regret having to resign from my position. I wish you and XXX the best of luck and future success.
很遗憾我不得不辞职。祝您和XXX公司好运相伴,未来更加兴旺发达。
⑥If I can be of any assistance during this transition, please let me know.
如果在工作交接期有需要我做的事情,请通知我。
Sincerely/Fortunately,
真诚的
(your full name
(你的全名
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