1。Whereas
该词意为:considering that, “鉴于”,“就(而论”,常用于合同协议书的开头段落以引出合同双方订立合同的理由或依据。如:Whereas Party A desires to use the Patented Technology of Party B to manufacture and sell the Contract Products……鉴于甲方希望利用乙方的专利技术制造并销售合同产品。
2。Whereby
该词意为:by the agreement, by the following terms and conditions,“凭此协议”,“凭此条款”,常用于合同协议书中以引出合同当事人应承担的主要合同义务。如:
A sales contract refers to a contract whereby the seller transfers the ownership of an object to the buyer and the buyer pays the price for the object。 句中a contract whereby the seller transfers……意为:a contract by which the seller transfers……
以上是对外经贸合同英语中几个典型旧体词用词方面的重要的特点,笔者希望初涉外经贸合同的教师和学生予以留意,有针对性地学习,达到事半功倍的效果;也希望进行外贸合同写作时也能把握住这几个特点,写出好的外经贸合同,顺利地进行外贸业务往来。
1。thereof
以”there”为前缀加上介词构成的词,如thereafter, thereby, therein, thereinafter, thereinbefore, thereon, thereof, thereunder, thereupon, therewith等,在文中具体指什么,需要读者依照合同的上下文来判断,因而理解起来比较复杂,请看下例:
This Agreement is written in the English language。 In case of any discrepancy between the English version and any translation thereof, the English text shall govern。 句中”the English version and any translation thereof”从上下文判断意为 “the English version and any translation of the English version”,即thereof一词代替of the English version。与以here开头的词如hereof的理解方法类似。
2。therein
该词意为in that, in that particular
context, in that respect,“在那里”,“在那点上”,“在那方面”,表示上文已提及的“合同中的”“工程中的”。如:the contract or any part thereof意为the contract or any part of the contract,合同或合同的任何部分。
3。thereto
该词意为:to that,“随附”,“附之”,如:“Contract Products” means the products specified in Appendix 2 to this Contract, together with all improvements and modifications thereof or developments with respect thereto。 句中or developments with respect thereto 意为:or developments with respect to the developments。
4。thereunder
该词意为:under that, “在其下”,“依照”,如:The Borrower fails to pay any amount payable thereunder as and when such amount shall become payable。 句中any amount payable thereunder意为any amount payable under the contract。
进入了先田村,初入眼帘的就是一排排错落有致的红糖麻花店。每家店都有六七个人忙碌的做着麻花,旁边的油锅滋滋地炸,一大堆的麻花整齐地摆放着。。空气中到处散发着红糖的香味,我贪婪地吸了一口气。有些人禁不住这美食的诱惑,到摊前去品尝、询问价格。
到了红糖制作基地,由张一格妈妈带领我们进去参观。一走进基地,整个空气中都弥漫着蔗糖特有的清香,每个人都垂涎三尺。再往里走,旁边放着一块块做好的红糖。我忍不住拿了一块,放在嘴里,甜滋滋的感觉遍布全身!真香真甜啊
但是往里面看景象就变得“惨不忍睹”了:一大口锅炖着一锅的黑色,一位爷爷不停地打捞着碎渣。张一格妈妈说这就是糖梗水,通过管道输送到这里。只见那黑水上还漂浮着一层白乎乎的泡沫,一看就令人发呕,一下子变得食欲全无。
但 这只是第一道工序,经过了多次的\'过滤,工作人员拿着大铲子不停地搅拌然后送往前面的锅里。我仔细数了数有十口大锅,等装到第八、九、十口锅熬制时,红糖水 终于变成了黄灿灿的了。再舀出来冷却,就成了一块块红糖。加了苏打粉的红糖是松散的 。据工作人员介绍要十道工序才能熬制好成品红糖。参观完了制作过程,紧接着,我们大家又到了甘蔗地里去拔糖梗。这里种的糖梗一片连成一片,一眼望不到边。 但这儿的甘蔗要比我们那儿的细的多、脆的多,也甜的多。张一格妈妈叮嘱我们:一定要拔细一点儿的,粗的他们要拿来制糖。我们唯唯诺诺的敷衍着,一头钻进了 甘蔗地。
我的目光在甘蔗地里搜索起来,不一会儿,就发现了一根十分中意的甘蔗。这根甘蔗又细又长,我走上去,毫不留情的把它拦腰“折断”。我扛着战利品到空地上找其他人。只见他们都各自拿着几根甘蔗,津津有味的啃了起来。
我 们边吃着甘蔗,一边向她们干活的地方走去。她们***活也就是把一排排粗的甘蔗连根拔起,然后拿着菜刀把甘蔗根给削掉。我们每人都拿来一把菜刀,十分卖力的 干起活来。甘蔗根并不向想像中的那么好削,出手轻了,还削不断;重了,还会把甘蔗給砍断。我们一直把一大堆甘蔗削完了才罢手。
这次红糖节,我们不仅大饱眼福,看到了红糖的整个制作过程;也大饱了口福,品尝到了如此美味的红糖、糖罐。这次红糖节我总算是没有白来,红糖节真有意思!
City traffic is a big problem in some cities in the world, especially in big cities. To solve the problem, someone are in favor of developing buses as means of city traffic. Others are in favor of the subway. Between them,which is the better choice?
在世界上的一些城市中城市交通是一个大问题,尤其是大城市。为了解决这个问题,有人赞成发展公交车作为城市交通的方式。另一些人则赞成地铁。在它们之间,哪个是更好的`选择?
It is easier to take buses as means of city traffic than the subway trains because buses don't need special roads. But buses have also many disadvantages, some of which are very serious. They may cause louder noise and more traffic accidents. Buses give rise to serious air pollution and traffic jam. In order to stop what buses cause, a large amount of hand must be used to widen the roads. On the contrary, the subway train is of more advantages. Except the difficulty and high cost of building the subway, it is superior to the buses in many aspects.
公共汽车作为城市交通方式要比地铁容易,因为公共汽车不需要特别的道路。但是公交车也许多缺点,有些是非常严重的。他们可能会导致噪音和更多的交通事故。公共汽车也导致了严重的空气污染和交通堵塞。为了阻止公交车带来的后果,必须用大量的人力来拓宽道路。相反,地铁列车有着更多的优势。除了建设地铁的难度和高成本外,在许多方面它都优于公共汽车。
Taking the advantages and disadvantages together into consideration,I would be in favor of developing the subway train as soon as possible.
把优点和缺点一起考虑,我会赞成尽快发展地铁。
1。hereby
该词意为by means of , by reason of this, by this agreement,“特此”,“因此”,“兹”,“在此”。此词常用作法律、经贸文件、合同、协议书等正式文件的开头语,在合同条款中需特别强调时也可用,表示当事人借此合约,要宣示某种具有法律效力的“意思表示”,如保证、同意、放弃权利等,一般放于主语后,紧邻主语。如:The Company hereby covenants and warrants that…… 意为:By this agreement the Company covenants and warrants that……即:公司在此保证……再如:Both parties hereby agree that……意为:By this agreement both parties agree that……即:双方当事人在此同意……
2。hereof
该词意为:of this agreement,“关于此点”;“在本文件中”,表示上文已提及的“本合同的、本文件的……”,一般置于要修饰的名词的后面,与之紧邻。如:to take effect on the date hereof 意为:to take effect on the date of this agreement 即:于本合约之日期生效。再如:the headings of the sections hereof 意为:the headings of the sections of this agreement 即:本合约各条款之标题。
3。hereto
该词意为:to this agreement,“至此”,“在此”,表示上文已提及的“本合同的……本文件的……”,一般置于要修饰的`名词的后面,与之紧邻。如:both parties hereto 意为both parties to this agreement,即本合约之当事人双方;items specified in Attachment I and hereto 意为:items specified in Attachment I to this agreement 即:本合约之附件I所列之各项。
4。herein
该词意为:in this agreement,“此中”,“于此”,表示上文已提及的“本合同(中)的……,本法(中)的……”等,一般置于所修饰词后,紧邻所修饰词。如:to file a suit in the court agreed to herein 意为:to file a suit in the court agreed to in this agreement 即:向当事人于本合约中同意管辖的法院提起诉讼;再如:to follow the terms and conditions herein 意为:to follow the terms and conditions in this agreement,即:遵守本合约所规定的条件。
5。hereinafter
该词意为:later in the same Contract,“以下”,“在下文”,一般与to be referred to as, referred to as, called 等词组连用,以避免重复。
6。hereunder
该词意为:under this agreement,“在本合约内”、“依据本合约”。如:obligations hereunder,意为obligations under this agreement,即“本合约内的义务”。再如:rights granted hereunder,意为rights granted under this agreement,即“依本合约所赋予的权利”。
每个人都会有一个属于自己的“上帝”。这位“上帝”,会给你意想不到的惊喜。
早晨起来,我翻了翻日历:嗯,今天是我的生日啊,不知爸妈会有什么生日礼物呢?
我怀着满满的好奇心走出房门,想象着爸妈给我惊喜的模样。谁知道,走出房门,却是冷淡一片。我如常的跟家人说“早安”,想获得一句“生日快乐!”。可是,也却只有一句“早安”。
我失落起来,冥思苦想了一上午,还是搞不明白:究竟是怎么了,他们是不记得我的生日了吗?往年,他们还给我办了个生日聚会了;今年,怎么就没有反应呢?
我十分纳闷,不开心。今年,恐怕要自己一个人吹蜡烛了。
我拖着步子回房间,郁闷的看起书来。因为,我听说分散注意力可以让自己没有那么伤心。
但是我发现我自己根本看不下书,心情变得有些暴躁。我很清楚自己已经十分失落,想打人。可是,我已经不再是一两岁的小宝宝了,不会生气就打人了。即将六年级的我只能把不开心收在心里。
就这样,我在我的房间里度过了一个下午,整个下午我都在“思考人生”,时不时还想一想晚上怎么度过。毕竟是自己的生日,总不能平平淡淡吧。
我走出房门,打算用零花钱买一个小蛋糕,插根蜡烛表示一下就好了。
在打开门的一瞬间,一个大大的拥抱温暖着我。不需抬头,我已经知道,拥抱我的是我的老妈。“怎么样,惊不惊喜。生日快乐啊!”老妈使劲的抱住我。不难发现,以前是我依在老妈怀里的\';现在,是我抱着老妈了。
“天哪,我还以为你们忘记了我的生日了。”我看着眼前的一切,惊讶的叫道:一个诺大的蛋糕摆在台面上,还有几个盒子放在一旁。“哪会不记得啊,今年搞个新花样,给你个惊喜。”老妈看着我惊讶的眼神,不禁笑了起来。
当你感到伤心时,可能是“上帝”正在给你创造惊喜而拿走了你一点点的开心。下一秒,“上帝”的惊喜就会送到你的身边。
In 2080, cars are going to be different. The car of new type is made from China. The motor is quicker than other cars. The car can be droved 500 kilometers per hour.
Computers are going to be inside every car. It is going to control the car. You don’t need to be worried about the red light.
The car is going to go on special tracks above the city. It would be not so crowded and noisy.
There is a special air conditioner in the car. In winter you can be warm there. In summer you can be pleasantly cool.
If you have this car, you will be very fashionable.
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