大学生如何管理时间英语四级作文【一】
organizations
who are managers
A manager is someone who coordinates and oversees the work of other people so that organizational goals can be accomplished.
How do we define who managers are
we have first-line managers, the lowest level of management ,manage the work of nonmanagerial employees who typically are involved with producing the organization’s products or servicing the organization’s customers. First-line managers often have the title of supervisor, but they may also called shift managers, district managers, department managers, office managers, or even foreperson. middle managers include all levels of management between the first level and the top level of the organization. These managers manage the work of first-line managers and may have titles such as regional manager, project leader, plant manager, or division manager. At or near the upper levels of the organizational structure are the top managers, who are responsible for making organization-wide decisions and establishing the plans and goals that affect the entire organization. These individuals typically have titles such as executive vice president, president, managing director, chief operating officer, chief executive officer, or chairperson.
what is management
management involves coordinating and overseeing the work activities of others so that their activities are completed efficiently and effectively.
Efficiency refers to getting the most output from the least amount of inputs.
Effectiveness is often described as doing things right, that is, not wasting resources.
what do managers do
management researchers have, after many years of study, developed three specific categorization schemes to describe what managers do: functions, roles, and skills. management functions
Planning: managers define goals, establish strategies for achieving those goals, and develop plans to integrate and coordinate activities.
organizing: managers are responsible for arranging and structuring work to accomplish the organization’s goals.
Leading: managers motivate subordinate, help resolve work group conflicts, influence individuals or teams as they work, select the most effective communication channel, or deal in any way with employee behavior issues.
controlling: managers have to monitor, compare and correct everything that is deviating. management roles
The term management roles refers to specific categories of managerial behavior.
Interpersonal roles are roles that involve people and other duties that are ceremonial symbolic in nature. The three interpersonal roles include figurehead, leader, and liaison.
Informational roles involve collecting, receiving, and disseminating information. The three informational roles are monitor, disseminator, and spokesperson.
Decisional roles entail making decisions or choices. The four decisional roles are entrepreneur, disturbance handler, resource allocator, and negotiator.
management skills
Technical skills are the job-specific knowledge and techniques needed to proficiently perform specific tasks. These skills tend to be more important for lower-level managers because they typically are managing employees who are suing tools and techniques to produce the organization’s products or service the organization’s customers.
Human skills involve the ability to work well with other people both individually and in a group. Because managers deal directly with people, these skills are essential and equally important at all levels of management.
conceptual skills are the skills managers use to think and to conceptualize about abstract and complex situations. Using these skills, managers must see the organization as a whole, understand the relationships among various subunits, and visualize how the organization fits into its broader environment.
How the manager’s job is changing
what is an organization
An organization is a deliberate arrangement of people to accomplish some specific purpose.
Becoming a manager
1． Keep up with current business news.
2． Read books about good and bad examples of managing.
3． Remember that one of the things good managers do is discover what is unique about each
person and capitalize on it.
4． Keep in mind the simple advice of the late Peter Drucker, who has been called the most
influential management thinker of the twentieth century: management is about people.
5． work on your soft skills—work ethic, communications, information gathering, and people
skills. These are what employers cite as the most important factors for getting jobs.
6． observe managers and how they handle people and situations.
7． Talk actual managers about their experiences—good and bad.
8． Get experience in managing by taking on leadership roles in student organizations.
9． Start thinking about whether you’d enjoy being a manager.
大学生如何管理时间英语四级作文【二】
语言学习策略指“学习者为了使语言学习取得更好的效果而采取的各种策略，它既包括学习者为了更好地完成某个学习活动或学习任务而采取的微观策略，也包括学习者对自己的学习目标、学习过程、学习结果进行计划、调控、评估等而采取的宏观策略。一个成功的语言学习者常能根据任务的需要综合使用各种策略。使用有效的外语学习策略，不仅可以改进外语学习方式，促进语言技能的发展，还可以使学习者在语言学习中扮演更积极的角色，提高教学质量。
可见，学习者的学习策略知识对语言学习有积极的反拨效应，可以提高学生的语言水平英语教师如果能引导学生学会调整和运用英语学习策略，使他们用良好的学习策略来控制自己的学习方法和过程，就能大大提高英语学习的效率，更能帮助他们学会学习，习得终身学习的能力。但是，英语学习策略属于隐性知识，如何才能使学生了解、掌握和运用它们呢？知识管理为这一问题的解决提供了契机。
大学生如何管理时间英语四级作文【三】
If I ruled the world, I would do some changes that will make the world become better. I would publicize concept of peace, and try to reduce wars. I would also try my best to reduce taxation, help poor people with their producion and make business revive. I would change education too, because it is said that the fature of a country depends on children of the country. In a way, the future of the world depends on children of the world. So I think, the education is a very important factor to make the world become better. I would reduce class-time, reduce homeworks and build many appliances for play on the playground. I would make the schools become a kind of place that kids can be happy there, and like there. I would definitely be a good leader. If somebedy gave me honor to rule the whole world, I wouldnt let him(her down. I would do anything I can do to make the world become more beautiful, more peaceful and warmer.
大学生如何管理时间英语四级作文【四】
Take your time
For thousands of years, animals have trodden a slow path, their spirits together with the body. But our human being's transportation is too fast. The body moves but the soul is left behind. We try to free ourselves in convenience, but we only imprison the soul. Since we invented how to count hours, we do everything to short the time, short the deadline. But the time saved can't be shorten. Nowadays, we spend lots of time staying in front of a TV just changing the channels, while we have no time to talk with a good friend or play with our family. We have plenty of time to search old news on the internet, while we hardly think about our life. In the end, the only thing apparent is our loneliness.
Take your time, please. Try to follow the natural steps and have your own clock. Try to share your time with everybody you love, share your mind, your happiness and sadness. Try to read the world we live in, do not only catch a quick glimpse at the society.Someday, when we know how to spend every second in our life, we can then live our own life.
大学生如何管理时间英语四级作文【五】
Time flies like an arrow before we realize it .It is known that nothing is more precious than time. The good old proverb "time is money" reminds us that time is valuable. When time goes by, it will never return. However, it is a pity that some people don't make full use of their time .They spend a lot of time in sleeping, chatting playing computer games or other unmeaning matters. . They don't realize that wasting time is actually equal to killing themselves. They always regret not having made great achievements. One of the reasons may be they do not make good use of time. Therefore, in order to be successful, they should first get into the habit of being on time. It’s a sign of cherishing time. Don't put off what can be done today until tomorrow. Being lazy will eventually lead to failure. Don't wait, because you don't know how long it will take when you put off your plan.
The more we are aware of the significance of this famous saying, the more benefits we will get in study or job.
大学生如何管理时间英语四级作文【六】
Nowadays, many famous university campuses have become one of the popular tourist attractions. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that every year thousands and thousands of middle school students visit Tsing Hua University and Peking University and other famous universities in China. In the place far away from the capital city, the local students also visit the universities famous in their own province.
So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to open the university campus for tourists? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing for the students to visit the famous university campus in that it can enable the middle students to get more information about the university and they can have enough time and opportunity to prepare themselves with the chance to get into the university. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, the public tourism will have negative effect on the universities because it will not only do harm to the environment but also to the intellectual atmosphere.
In my opinion, the tourism to the universities is not a good thing. The campus is mainly a place for study. With the increasing tourism on the campus, it will ruin the spiritual atmosphere in this learning field.
首先，提纯范文 “谋篇布局”及结构模板。
第一段：提出问题或现象。Nowadays, … … have become one of the popular … …. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that … ….
第二段：正反列举人们的看法。So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to … …? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing for … … in that … …. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, … … will have negative effect on … … because it will not only do harm to … … but also to … ….
第三段：摆明自己观点。In my opinion, … … is not a good thing. … … With the increasing … …, it will ruin … ….
其次，提纯范文“段落写作”。
段落写作分为统一性，连贯性和完整性三方面。
统一性(unity：段落开头的主题句应该做到不可太宽泛，也不可太具体，做到有较强的概括性才能使下文做到有的放矢的展开。范文第二段首句以设问的方式提出一个问题is it a good or bad thing就有很强的概况性。下文自然会一方面从好的方面说明，另一方面从坏的方面说明。
连贯性(coherence：关联词是使文章段落之间相互连贯的必要条件。范文中nowadays, on one hand, on the other hand, in one’s opinion即以“启承转合”递进的顺序是文章条理清晰，层层展开。
完整性(completeness：以设问句“So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to open the university campus for tourists?”开头，这是平时较少运用的段落写作方式——设问法。“On one hand … …. On the other hand, … ….”是段落写作分类列举法的典型用法。
再次，提纯范文“句子写作”。
1. It has been shown that … …
类似句型：It is known to us that … …
It is said that … …
It is reported that … …
It is controversial that … …
2. “… … Tsing Hua University and Peking University and other famous universities … …。”——并列句。并列句是简单的复杂句。但其运用方法并不简单，注意练习并接句的使用，会使句子显的更加饱满。
3. enable v. 使…能够
I gave him full directions to enable him to find the house.
4. in that = because
表“因为”的连词还有since, for, as，如：
The boy was absent because he was ill. = The boy was absent since he was ill.
此句以我们常用的人称开头，句式简单，我们可以通过把since提前改变句式，如：
Since the boy was ill, he was absent. 句式多样化。
最后，提纯范文“措辞”。
1. attraction n. 具有吸引力的事情。
2. thousands and thousands 成千上万的
形容“多”的表达方法：millions and millions
a multitude of
a great deal of
a large amount of
plenty of
many a
3. “some people argued that … …”中的“argue”并不是“讨论，辩论”的意思，而是“认为”。
I argue that … …
I maintain that … …
I claim that … …
I insist that … … = I think that … …
I hold that … …
I assert that … …
I assume that … …
4. negative adj. 否定的.，相反的
hold negative view = hold opposite opinions
5. phenomenon n. 现象
social phenomenon 社会现象
natural phenomenon 自然现象
6. intellectual adj. 聪明的= intelligent, bright, clever
(选词策略：使用最近所学的单词，如intellectual > intelligent > bright > clever
在分析并掌握范文之后，我们需要运用范文知识练习仿写。笔者运用2005年12月范文中的模板结构仿写了2006年12月的四级作文，以供参考：
1. 许多人喜欢在除夕夜看春节晚会
2. 但有些人提出取消春节晚会
3. 我的看法
Nowadays, the Spring Festival Evening has become one of the popular topic and attractions during every traditional New Year’s Eve. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that every year thousands and thousands of Chinese people appear to be accustomed to enjoying the sights and sounds of a brilliant feast, while gathering with their beloved family.
However, an increasing number of people have voiced different opinions towards it. So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to cancel the Spring Festival Evening? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing to amuse the audience in that it is composed by a numerous adequate programs, such as the emotional song, the graceful dance, the funny short sketch, the amusing comic dialogue, the delightful magic, and the marvelous acrobatics and so on. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, the Spring Festival Evening will have negative effect on the family harmony because it will not only do harm to having the talks between family members on the Spring Festival Eve but also to enjoying the gourmet meal in a fancy restaurant.
In my opinion, the Spring Festival Evening is a good thing. It may not remain a must for all people, but it can bring us a strong sense of festivity and serve as an alternative among the variety of holiday activities. With the increasing audience of the Spring Festival Evening, it will ruin a distinctive culture during the Spring Festival vacation.
大学生如何管理时间英语四级作文【七】
俗话说的好：“不爱惜时间，就等于不爱惜生命。”由此可见，时间是多么的珍贵，多么的重要。但，要如何把握时间，将每一分、每一秒都用上呢？
首先，我们要先规划行程表，写出一天中想做的事。因为如果没有明确的记录下来，就没办法有效率的完成所有工作了。
下一步，也是最重要的一件事──有效率的实行，将行程表上的`工作，一步接着一步的完成，而且要把握每一刻，让事情能更快解决。例如在等公车时可以多看点书，丰富自己的知识；休息时间可以帮忙打扫，让整个家变得一尘不染，这些正是善用时间的好例子。
总而言之，我们要好好的利用时间，充实生活。就因为时间是一去不返的，所以只能把握住每一刻，不能只是想着要再拖一下，才不会一事无成。
莎士比亚曾说过：“时间的脚步，不会因为我们有许多事情要做，而稍作停留。”因此，我们更应该要好好把握我们所拥有的时时刻刻，努力当个能珍惜时间并善用时间的好主人吧！
