1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
Last Sunday, Jim went out to fly a kite. The kite flew highly in the sky. Jim ran with it happily.
Suddenly the line was broken and the kite flew away. Soon it disappeared. Where was it?
Jim had no idea. So he had to run here and there to look for the kite. At last he saw it on the top of the tree. He tried to get it down. But he couldn’t. He felt sad.
大家好!我是一个可爱的小闹钟。你瞧,看见我的博士帽了吗?可想而知我学问五车。想和我一样吗?那你就要珍惜,努力学习了。
“一寸光阴一寸金,寸金难买寸光阴。”时间是金钱,而这金钱却买不了时间。这难道不是真理吗?只有让没一寸时间都有意义,财富才会滚滚而来。
有一个孩子叫小枫。他从小不爱学习,上课开“飞机”,面容无精打采,而下课他就“生机勃勃”。这样的他成绩一直倒数第一名。他的脑子空荡荡的,一读书就头疼,似乎知识这个东西钻进他脑子把脑子给钻坏了。因而他不读书,整天抱个“鸡蛋”回家。爸爸、妈妈也拿他没办法。过了几年,他长大了,没有工作,整日在街上寻找工作。当问他后悔自己当时不努力读书,不珍惜时间时。他流下了后悔的眼泪,说:“我后悔。假如我读好书的话,我现在已经当上大老板了,也不必整日整日在街头游荡了。”这是的他真正到了:努力学习,珍惜时间是多么的重要。读书也许会累点、苦点,可是过了那段时间,你就可以享受到加倍的美好,这多么值得啊!
朋友,时间如流水,只能流去不流回。在茫茫碌碌的生活中,没一天你都要想想当时你学会了什么,懂得了什么。只有这样,生活才会富有意义,天空才会那般渗蓝。
“花有重开日,人无再少年。”这个道理你要明白。现在的努力读书,会使明天更加美好,更加美丽!人生只有依次,为何不让这一次更加完美呢?
你听,鸟儿在叫,它在告诉人们时间的宝贵。你看花儿在笑,因为它看见了我们正在努力学习。雏鹰在天空中骄傲地展翅,因为它是在艰苦的情况下努力学飞的,正如我们的学习。小树迎着风沙,每时每刻都在生长,因为它不甘心成为小树苗,它的志愿是成为苍天大树,仰望这个世界。我——这个小时钟也在“滴答,滴答”地响,是因为时间是宝贵的,我在提醒那些不知道这道理的人们要珍惜时间。
“时间好比东流水,只有流去不流回。”这句谚语是“一字值千金”啊!
I was born in a beautiful town with high mountains around it.The mountains are covered with all kinds of green bamboo.Through the town runs a small stream.It’s said that a new railway is going to be built to the east of the town and a bamboo factory to the west.All the children of the school age can go to school.If anyone is ill,he can go to see the doctor in the newly-built hospital.People in the town are hard-working and never take the backwardness lying down.Though they are having a richer and better life,they are not satisfied with what they have got.They are working hard to build their town into a modern one.
导入:
第1段:提出一种现象或某个决定作为议论的话题
As a student, I am strongly in favour of the decision. (亮明自己的观点是赞成还是反对
The reasons for this may be listed as follows. (过渡句,承上启下
正文:
第2段:First of all... Secondly... Besides...(列出2~3个赞成或反对的`理由
结论:
第3段:In conclusion, I believe that... (照应第1段,构成"总—分—总"结构
时间,他是人们生命中的匆匆过客,往往在我们不知不觉中,他便悄然而去,不留下一丝痕迹。人们常常在他逝去后,才渐渐发觉,留给自己的时间已经所剩无几。也正是如此,才有了古人一声叹息:少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲。
怎样才能留住这个来也匆匆,去也匆匆的“朋友”呢?榜样的力量是巨大的。
爱因斯坦即使是在做家务时也从不虚度时间,而是挤时间来思考。有一次,他推着一部婴儿车在伯尔尼的马路上散步。他迈着沉重的步子,每走十几步就站住,从上衣口袋里拿出铅笔和纸片,写下几行数字和公式,低头看一看甜睡的儿子,抬头看一下钟楼上的大钟,又向前走去……
事实告诉我们,只要我们愿意,时间是可以支配的。就像鲁迅先生说的一样:时间就像海绵里的水,只要愿挤,总还是有的。
而能否把握时间,做时间的主人往往决定着一个人一生的命运。陶渊明说过:盛年不重来,一日难再晨。及时当勉励,岁月不待人。人生短短数十秋,想要在如此短的时间内,取得成功,登上人生的顶峰,谈何容易。也正因为如此,珍惜时间就显得异常得重要。每个成功人士的背后往往有一段珍惜时间的故事。
奥地利著名作家莫扎特,连理发时也在考虑乐曲创作,常常情不自禁地停止理发,记下他构思出的新乐曲。他说:“谁和我一样用功,就会和我一样成功。”
莫扎特说得不无道理,也许我们和他一样用功,不一定会象他一样的成功,不一定能达到他所能达到的高度。但至少我们努力了,至少我们达到了我们所能达到的最高处。我们就能够站在人生的顶端对人们说:我尽力了,我并没有浪费命运留给我的一点一滴的时间。
但丁说过:一个人愈知道时间的价值,愈感觉失时的痛苦。而世界上有太多太多的人不知道时间的价值了。或许在嬉戏玩闹的十个人中,有九个人知道:一寸光阴一寸金,寸金难买寸光阴。但他们却不一定懂得这句话的真实意义。倘若他们懂得,会如此快乐吗?
无论时间有多么的紧张,只要我们愿意,他会源源不断的到来。
珍惜时间,就是珍惜生命。充分利用命运给我们的每一分,每一秒。不要成为时间的奴隶,做时间的主人。到那时,让这一个匆匆过客,永伴你我左右。
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