综上所述,现行预算会计虽然在以上述及的重大问题上有新的突破或重新进行了规范,基本上满足了各级财政部门和行政、事业单位加强预算管理和会计核算的需要,对提高我国预算会计的整体管理水平起到了积极的作用,同时也为我国政府会计核算进一步向国际惯例靠拢打下了基础。但为了能使我国政府会计改革有的放矢,研究建立我国政府会计准则体系,研究建立我国政府会计报告体系,迫切需要研究下如下问题:
1.研究现行预算会计制度中存在的问题
(1研究我国现行预算会计制度中存在的主要问题,尤其是我国政府职能转换和公共财政体制改革对于预算会计提出的新要求和对政府会计会计信息的新需求,并进而研究在新形势下解决这些问题的具体对策。
(2研究政府会计准则建设方面的国际动态和各国在政府会计改革方面的经验与教训,以供我国借鉴和参考。
(3研究我国政府会计准则体系的内容及构成,包括我国政府会计准则建设的具体步骤、方案和实施中需要配套改革的措施,包括我国政府会计准则的建设是否需要建立政府会计概念框架、应当制定哪些具计准则、每一项会计准则的具体结构等。
(4研究我国政府会计准则建设中引入权责发生制会计的程度问题。从世界范围来看,在政府会计领域,推行完全的权责发生制会计的国家还是少数,大多数国家在政府会计改革上都是循序渐进的地推行权责发生制会计。由于我国的经济改革走的是渐进式道路,政府会计改革势必将是循序渐进式的,在引入权责发生制会计上也将是渐进式的,不可能1蹴而就。基于此,对我国政府会计准则建设中引入权责发生制会计的程度、以及如何分阶段地引入权责发生制会计基础,哪些会计核算项目应当首先引入权责发生制等问题的研究,就显得十分重要,而且具有现实意义。
2.国外政府会计的理论体系、运作模式和我国企业会计改革的经验,对于我国预算会计改革有许多值得借鉴之处
(1非营利组织
非营利组织,就是不以营利为目的政府机构或经济实体。关于其特征,美国会计学会在《非营利组织会计实务委员会报告》中称:通常区分营利与非营利的基础,乃是有无营利的动机,美国的非营利范围,包括联邦政府机关和州及地方政府机关,以及公立和私立的非营利组织,具体例子有学校、医院、慈善组织、教堂和基金会等。
曰本的非营利组织包括政府部门,公立非营利事业体,民间非营利事业体。由上述考察,笔者得出如下认识:
其一、各国对非营利组织划分的内容不尽相同,但划分的标准实际是一样的,即是以非营利为标准。
其二、这种划分都是为了便于核算和实行不同的会计制度。
(2非营利组织体系
如上所述,非营利组织是与营利组织(企业相对而言的。非营利组织的会计体系在许多方面与企业会计相近或相同,但在一些内容上仍有其特殊性。因此,国际上许多国家都形成了适合本国的非营利组织会计体系。
3.我国企业会计改革的经验
我国企业会计自1993年来,进行了多次改革和调整,形成了现在企业会计模式,所有的营利组织共用一套会计准则即企业会计准则,并在此前提下,根据行业性质和企业规模的大小分别制定了三套会计制度来规范来各自类型的企业,即是企业会计制度、金融企业会计制度和中小企业会计制度。企业会计制度适用于各类股份公司、国有企业和集团公司;金融企业会计制度适用于银行、证券公司等各类金融企业,中小企业会计制度适用于规模较小和不适于用企业制度加以规范的小企业。企业会计改革给我们的启示是:
(1在目前,我国会计人员素质不是很高的情况下,运用会计准则加会计制度模式是适宜的,既与国际靠拢了又适应了国情。
(2营利组织虽有各行各业,但他们的目标是相同的,即都以营利为目标。所以,他们适用一套共同的会计准则来规范,对各项经济业务用具体会计准则来加以规定。对行业相差特别大的再制定少量制度来加以规范,以便于具体操作,而不是对营利组织内的各行各业分别制定不同的会计准则。
(3便于政府的宏观经济管理及企业之间的相互可比性。
参考文献:
[1]丛树海.中国预算体制重构[M].上海:上海财经大学出版社,2000:5-20
2]陈志斌.公共受托责任:政治效应、经济效率与有效的政府会计J.会计研究,2003;6:36-38
Tonight I watched the movie for the third time. I really enjoy this film so much.
So what's your choice between being a common person or a hero with people's reects? Most people will choose the latter. But what will be your choice if the cost is laying your lover among the risks? What will it be if the cost is you can never tell the girl, who you love so much, that you love her? The ider man had this contradiction. But finally he still chose the latter, not in order to be a hero, but to make this word peaceful.
I was so moved by the words the Aunt Mary said:
You will never guess what he wants to be, the ider man. He knows the hero when he sees one, too a few characters out there, flying all around out there, saving old girls like me. Lord knows kids like Henry need hero courageous, sacrificing for people, setting examples for all of us. Everybody loves a hero. People enthrone them, cheer them, scream their names and years later they will tell how they stood in the rain for hours just to get a glimpse the one who taught them to hold on to stand longer. I believe there is a hero in all of us. They keep us be honest, give us strength, make us noble, and finally allow us to die with proud. Ever though sometimes we have to initiatively give up the thing we want most, even our dreams. Spider man did that for Henry, so he wants to know where he is gone. He needs him.
The ider man got much from these words, so did I. And what about you? what's the hero lying in you?
Jane Eyre is a first-person narrative of the title character, a small, plain-faced, intelligent and honest English orphan. The novel goes through five distinct stages: Janes childhood at Gateshead, where she is abused by her aunt and cousins; her education at Lowood School, where she acquires friends and role models but also suffers privations; her time as the governess of Thornfield Manor, where she falls in love with her Byronic employer, Edward Rochester; her time with the Rivers family at Marshs End (or Moor House and Morton, where her cold clergyman-cousin St John Rivers proposes to her; and her reunion with and marriage to her beloved Rochester at his house of Ferndean. Partly autobiographical, the novel abounds with social criticism and sinister gothic elements.
Father's Day
Yesterday was Father's Day. I had planned to give my father a present. But I didn't remember it until in the morning.It was too late to post a card to him. So I decided to buy something. When I was in the department store. I found it was not easy for me to choose something right for him. Suddenly I
got an idea. I ran home and opened my computer. I made a beautiful card and mailed him through the Internet. then I began to make supper. When father came home, he was very glad to find a big meal on the table. then I asked him to check his e-mail. He was amazed to find a beautiful card in his e-mail-box.
What a wonderful surprise!
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