Last Sunday, Jim went out to fly a kite. The kite flew highly in the sky. Jim ran with it happily.
Suddenly the line was broken and the kite flew away. Soon it disappeared. Where was it?
Jim had no idea. So he had to run here and there to look for the kite. At last he saw it on the top of the tree. He tried to get it down. But he couldn’t. He felt sad.
1。 头绪分明,脉络清楚
写好记叙文,首先要头绪分明,脉络清楚,明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析,弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程,然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个“ W ”和一个“ H ”有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这些“ W ”和“ H ”,但动笔之前,围绕五个“ W ”和“ H ”进行构思是必不可少的。
2。 突出中心,详略得当
在文章的框架确定后,对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍,应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,定好详略。要突出重点,详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节,略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化,使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题,也需要一定的技巧。如:
One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children。 They have not eaten for days。" I took some food with me and went。
When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破坏外貌) by hunger。 There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger。
I gave the rice to the mother。 She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice。 When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors — they are hungry also!"
3。 用活语言,准确生动
记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动,又要表现力强,这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动,其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。
原文:
One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away。 He was soon lost among people and traffic。 He could not find the way back home and started crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying。 They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened。 Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived。 The two students decided to take him home。 Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound。 She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didn't take it。 She served them with tea but they left。
修改后:
The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street。 After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home。 But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic。 When he could not find the way home, he started and crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop。 They immediately went up to him。
"Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked。
"I want Mom, I go home。" said the boy, still crying。
"Don't worry, we'll send you home。"
And they spent the next two hours looking for the boy's house。 With the help of a policeman, they finally found it。
When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house。 Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea。
故事发生在贫穷的西部山区。这里生活着一位年过花甲的苗族老奶奶,人们都亲切的叫她兰奶奶。兰奶奶的儿女都到城里打工去了,只留下她一个人孤苦伶仃的住在那摇摇欲坠的草房子里,一晃就是好几年……
今天,风和日丽,阳光明媚。一个14岁的汉族小女孩——小红跟着当记者的爸爸来到了蓝奶奶居住的那个偏僻的山区。走着走着,小红的爸爸突然停了下来,对她说:“小红,我要到前面去采访几个人,小孩去不方便,你在这里等着我,别走远了啊!”“好的!”
爸爸刚走,小红的目光便落在了她面前那不堪入目的草房子上:一位年迈的老奶奶正蹲在地上,吃力地搓着衣服。这时,小红想:爸爸一时半会儿也会不来,我在这儿也闲着没事干,不如去帮帮这位老奶奶。
说干就干,小红三步并作两步跑到了草房子前,轻轻的问了一声:“老奶奶,看您洗衣服这么吃力,还是我来帮您洗吧!”兰奶奶吓了一跳,转过头来,看见这个恕不相识的小女孩又是吃了一惊,说道:“我都不认识你,怎么能让你替我洗衣服呢?”“没关系,老奶奶,我已经14岁了,不是小小孩了!”兰奶奶拗不过小红,只好同意小红帮她洗几件衣服。
于是,小红马上蹲了下来,全神贯注地洗起了衣服。只见她用衣锤用力的捶打衣服,又使出了全身的劲搓着衣服的脏处。就这样,水桶里的衣服一件件的减少了,而晾在衣绳上的衣服在一件件的增多。兰奶奶见小红累得满头大汗,便上前叫她休息一会儿,让她来洗。但小红坚持让她自己洗。就这样,小红把每件衣服都洗完了。
兰奶奶看着这些干净的衣服,心里充满了感激之情。她一把搂住了小红,用她那长满了老茧的手抚摸着小红那光滑柔嫩的小脸,并将自己的脸贴在小红的脸上对她说:“我们虽然素不相识,但你待我比我的亲女儿还亲呀!”“没关系老奶奶,这是我应该做的!”小红甜甜的回答。
此时此刻,小红全然不知,她的父亲已在门口等了许久了……
1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
有诗如此说:我不记得我的母亲/只是在游戏中间/仿佛有一段歌调/在我玩具上回旋/是她在晃动我的摇篮/所哼的那些歌调……
无意中读到这位善于感恩的伟人泰戈尔的几句诗,它们犹如一缕和煦的风,吹皱我心中一池春水,让我心中涌动着一股热流,任思飘远……
当你在物竞天择适者生存的森林里发现,那狮子为了让幼儿学会生存的本领而忍心抛下它却在不远处守护着幼儿时,这用心良苦怎不令你动容!君可知,亲情是壁立千仞的高山,以厚实的胸怀让我们的心灵找到了归宿,亲情又是美妙绝伦的乐音,这淡淡的清音,如游丝般飘来,轻轻绾在一起,系住我们的心弦;君可知,亲情是无音之语,“相顾无言,惟有泪干行。”,亲情又是一丝牵挂,“遍插茱萸少一人,每逢佳节倍思亲。”君又可知,亲情如咖啡,给我们以苦涩,又予以芳香!亲情呀亲情,你虽是简简单单的两个字眼却已将温暖而绵长的爱点点滴滴地稀释在我们短暂而漫长的成长岁月中了呀。
《悲惨世界》中,临终前的冉阿让用那混浊而温和的双瞬原谅了女儿的罪过,对她轻说一句“不要紧,回来就好”时,怎不教她落泪?这一眼神,这一声音,胜似千言万语。有多少亲切,有多少爱怜,有多少温暖,构筑了芳汀女儿成长岁月中独特的风景。而她正因这浓浓的爱而懂得了感恩,感恩让她美好地成长着,活着。史铁生在“生命最狂妄的年龄残了双腿”,母亲用孱弱的身躯推着他的轮椅,用最深沉的爱让他在文学道路上成长。正是史铁生懂得感恩亲情,珍惜母亲伟大的爱,才让他有强大的勇气坚毅地活下来,顽强地活下来!在苦难而有美丽的成长中,感恩亲情,面对万丈深渊,成长的蜀道中多了,满腔往上奋爬的勇气!
再美的鲜花也会凋零,再美的青春也会老去,再美的影剧也会结束。
寻人启事:姓名太阳公公,性别男,年龄约46亿岁,有一张灿烂的笑脸,20多天前在中国浙江富阳走失,谁见着了请告诉他,我们很想念他。
太阳公公这一走,竟走了20多天,这下可好,雨姐姐闹起了大小姐脾气。她心情好一点的时候,还只是耍点小脾气,“沙沙沙,沙沙沙......”,可当她生气时,我们可就遭了殃,“哗哗哗,哗哗哗......”,下个没完没了。
这不,星期二傍晚的时候,雨姐姐又发起了脾气,天空像裂开了一道口子,大雨像从天上倒下来的一样,地上顿时水花四溅,这给我们出行带来了极大的不便。晚自修后,大家撑着伞走向寝室,没走几步,大家的鞋子就全湿透了,脚就像浸在水里一样。到了寝室,生活老师拿着吹风机,帮我们吹干鞋子,要知道足足几十双鞋子呀,才吹到一半,吹风机就罢了工,幸亏爸爸妈妈们从家里送来了***鞋子,要不然第二天很多同学就得穿着雨鞋上课了。
持续的阴雨天也严重影响了农作物的秋收冬种。以往这个时候应该是收割稻谷的好时机,可现在呢,成片成片的稻谷都还站在田里发抖,还的'经不起风雨已经“躺”在了田里。即使已经收割的稻子也没办法晒干,只能堆在家里发霉。另外,小麦的播种和油菜的生长也同样受到了影响。
各家各户的阳台上也出现了一道“靓丽”的风景,那花花绿绿的衣服,一件挨着一件,一层叠着一层,滴滴答答地往下滴着水,洗衣机里也塞满了未洗的衣服,因为阳台已经不堪重负了。穿在身上的衣服也湿嗒嗒的,好像能长出蘑菇一样。引用网上的一段诗:问富阳晴为何物,直教了晒不干衣物;天天被雨hold住,叫人发霉无数。
太阳公公啊太阳公公,你快快回来吧,我们都想死你了,让我们在你温暖的怀抱中尽情地撒欢吧!
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