1、小组学习法。两人以上一起读书,效果比一个人要好。一是可以互相讨论,而讨论正式让知识到达额叶最好的办法。二是可以互相监督。别人看了一半,你还在第一章,那就显得你落后了。
2、记忆和转移。
记忆分为
a获得性记忆。如药物成瘾。
b反射性记忆。如肚子饿了要吃饭,长期健身的人不运动会不舒服。
c再现性记忆。如再现物体、人物、事件。
读书习惯的培养最好变成获得性记忆和反射性记忆。
而知识的学习主要是再现性记忆。它又分为短时记忆、长期记忆,以及迁移。
学习的过程正是从短时记忆到长期记忆再到迁移的过程。
所以学习其实也简单,就是三段论。背诵-理解-背诵掌握-运用。具体来说,就是早上先强背一遍,中午在理解梳理一遍;晚上再强化背诵一遍,这样就变成长期记忆了。
文章的开始提出某college teacher认为:"High school English teachers are not doing their jobs ." 因为 His students has a bad command of English.
作者的反观点是:
1 It is inevitable for one generation to complain the one immediately following it. And it is human nature to look for reasons for our dissatisfaction.
2 The people who criticize the high school teachers are not aware that their language ability has developed through the years.
最后的结论是:The concern about the decline and fall of the English language is a generation, and is not new and peculiar to taday's young people.
议论文的这种结构特点决定了它的主要题型是作者观点态度题,文章主旨题以及推理判断题。只要发现了这种结构特点,解答问题的主要任务就变成了到段落内找答案, 基本上不存在任何困难。
通过研究以上的文章结构特点,我们不难发现,在四级考试阅读理解中无论任何体裁的\'文章都遵循着这样一个共同的模式:提出话题(观点或事例)---- 用事例分析原因(或批驳观点------得出结论。 对文章结构特点的把握有助于读者更加自觉地关注文章的开始和结尾,分清观点和事例,从而在四级考试的阅读理解中准确定位,快速答题。
Nowadays, advertisements can be found everywhere in big cities. They shout at us from the television screen and radio loudspeakers, wave to us from every page of the newspaper, signal to us from the roadside billboards all day and flash messages to us in colored lights all night.
Faced with a flood of advertisement, some people wonder whether it is necessary to have such huge sums spent on advertising. They often cite in illustration of it the attractive, but false and deceptive advertisements to which many consumers fall victim. Why don't we stop advertising and use the money to reduce the price of goods? It sounds like a good idea, but they fail to notice the contribution advertising makes to our society. Because the production of a better product to compete for customers' money is the goal of advertisers, customers are thus given a chance to compare their products and get the best and cheapest one. Besides, as the advertisement can provide people with a lot of immediate and detailed information as to the availability of a certain product, or a service or a job, it makes life much more convenient. And another thing we mustn't forget: the fact that we pay so little for our daily newspapers and TV programs is due entirely to the money spent by advertisers.
Advertising performs such a useful service to our society that we can't imagine what would happen if there were no advertisements. (198 words
分析说理能力的不足,在议论文写作中常常表现为以下三点:
1.单向思维。就是在论证时不考虑反面意见,片面选取对自己的立论有利的证据,却屏蔽那些对立论构成威胁的不利证据。比如,学生想证明“勤奋出人才”,会列举古今中外一大堆以勤奋著称的名人,证明这些人的成功离不开勤奋,这就是典型的单向思维。读者只需举出一个勤奋却没有成功的`反例,便可以轻而易举反驳论点。这种不考虑反面意见,立论与论证考虑不周、对论题认识褊狭与肤浅的现象,都会极大地削弱文章的说服力。
2.单层论证。即在同一个层面上,通过堆砌相同或相似的例子,对论点进行论证,而不是多角度多层次渐次展开论证,文章往往缺乏纵深感。比如,论证“社会需要诚信”,罗列各种负面新闻说明我们正面临诚信危机,整个行文的逻辑就是一个简单的因果分析,即,因为A、B、C、D……都缺乏诚信,所以呼唤诚信。这样的因果分析,显然过于简单化。
3.感情用事。指学生在议论文写作中出现倾向性、绝对化、煽情等理性不足的问题。比如以下这段文字:“大家熟知的居里夫人,曾两次获得诺贝尔奖,得过16枚奖章,得到各种头衔107个。是什么使她得到这么多令人羡慕的荣誉?是持久的决心!是什么使她得到这么多耀眼的桂冠?是持久的意志!”这里作者用斩钉截铁的语气,把居里夫人的成就归因于持久的决心和意志,显然犯了绝对化的错误,而连续两个设问,两个感叹号,有点煽情。在例证环节,学生最喜欢使用排比、对比、比喻等修辞手法,以增强说理的效果。直奔结论,却没有提供证据:堆砌材料,却不会展开分析。
分析说理能力不足,之所以会成为议论文写作的一个通病,跟写作教学缺乏这方面的方法论有关。有关议论文写作的指导,大多都围绕例证法开发相应的策略,如正反对比论证、归纳升华法等。对于议论文写作中分析什么、如何分析,缺乏整体性的思考。
下面这则教学案例,谈的是如何通过概念的辨析,来拓展学生思维的深广度。而概念辨析,是议论文分析很重要的一个部分。该案例给我们提供了很多有益的思考。
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