周天子威信降低,必然就会出现有话语权的人,谁来做这个人,当然是大国强国的国君,于是春秋时期各诸侯国之间开始争霸,争霸是有前提条件的,只有经济发展的够好才有强大的军事力量,只有合乎礼仪取信于民才能获得民众的支持。有了这两者才能在对他国战争中取胜。打着“尊王攘夷”的旗帜才能让别的诸侯国信服,进而选为霸主。
于是东边的齐国,北边的晋国,南边的楚国,西边的秦国四国相继争霸,后来南方的吴越两国又***进来争夺霸权。
诸侯国之间不断兼并,征伐,结盟,政治上的彼此交锋,使得文化上日趋融合,旧秩序,旧礼仪,旧制度越来越没有生存空间,而新的一切自萌芽起便茁壮成长。
铁器的'出现和牛耕的推行使经济快速发展,便于中央集权的郡县制开始出现,土地私有制越来越不适应经济发展。
西周晚期,周天子统治不力,西戎不断***扰边境,社会矛盾加剧,百姓怨声载道,各个诸侯国开始自谋发展,逐渐不听周天子的召唤。
公元前771年,周幽王率军与申国、缯国、犬戎的三国联军在骊山开战,周幽王兵败被***,自此西周灭亡,郑国、卫国、秦国、晋国四国赶来救援,赶走犬戎,迎立已废太子姬宜臼为周平王。周平王畏惧犬戎,弃丰镐而东迁洛邑,实际管辖的领土大大减少,东周开始,周室衰微,周天子的威信不复从前。
郑武公护周平王东迁有功,任卿士,辅佐周朝政务,利用职权为郑国谋发展,秦国护周平王有功,得周朝西部地区,周平王许诺只要能赶走西戎,土地就属于秦国。秦国正式成为诸侯国,与中原诸侯国取得了联系,开始了它艰难的扩张之路。
周室衰微,自顾不暇,诸侯国必须靠自己的力量来发展壮大,在各方面进行改革,发展经济,壮大军事力量,力图不被他国欺负。
(1可适当加入细节,以使行文连贯;
(2词数:100左右(开头已给出,不计入总词数 。
High school is regarded as the best time in a person's life. As a senior 3 student, it won't take long before I graduate.
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这本书花了我300元。
I spent 300 yuan on the book.
I paid 300 yuan for the book.
The price of the book is 300 yuan.
It cost me 300 yuan to buy the book.
我不懂什么英语,李明也不懂。
I don’t know any English, nor does Li Ming.
I hardly know any English, nor does Li Ming.
I hardly know any English, neither does Li Ming.
I hardly know any English, no more does Li Ming.
I hardly know any English, so it is with Li Ming.
I know no more English than Li Ming does.
I know as little English as Li Ming does.
一到家,我就把所见到的一切都记了下来。
On/Upon arriving home, I wrote down everything I had seen.
As soon as I arrived home, I wrote down everything I had seen.
The moment I arrived home, I wrote down everything I had seen.
Some fish are forced to leave polluted water and are flying in the sky. But unfortunately, air is also so polluted that they have to wear masks. Each of them is crying, “Where is my home?” What a terrible sight!
Mankind has brought so much pollution. Waste is being poured into rivers and seas. Poisons to kill pests in farming and chemicals go into rivers and seas, too. Poisonous gasses from factories also make the air so dirty. The whole balance of nature is being destroyed as a result of our ignorance of the environmental protection.
Personally, man can not live alone on the earth. Should fish die from serious pollution, so would man! It is high time we did something to prevent such a scene from happening.
春秋末期,诸侯国越来越不把周天子放在眼中,而在诸侯国国内,卿大夫也开始篡权,如齐国三桓,晋国六卿,逐渐把持朝政。几百年的诸侯国争霸混乱期使旧制度土崩瓦解,新秩序应运而生。三家分晋结束了春秋争霸,进入战国时期,韩、赵、魏、燕、楚、秦、齐七国争雄。
春秋时期周天子虽然没有什么威信,但到底还是名义上的天下共主,“尊王攘夷”的旗帜尚能用来树立威信,扩张领土。但到了战国时期,经过重新洗牌,周天子彻底没有了用处。各诸侯国纷纷称王,实际上已经是独立的国家。
对土地的需求让这一阶段的战争升级,无论是规模还是时长都不是春秋时期可比的,其残酷程度已经是血流成河。
这时候,士这一阶层迅速崛起,他们或在政治上纵横捭阖,或在文化上百家争鸣,或在军事上建功立业,给战国注入了霸道的引子,也左右着战国的局势。
几百年的混乱期产生了一种自上而下的渴求统一的愿望,而经济的进一步发展,对战争的厌倦,都让人们开始思考统一的可能。要统一就要有一个能够统一的国家,各方面要领先他国。
秦孝公任用商鞅进行了最为彻底的改革,废除世卿世禄制度实行以郡县制,重农抑商,发展生产,增加人口,奖励军功等等一系列改革,使秦国迅速领先于其它六国,到了秦惠文王时期,继续实行商鞅的改革,并且称王,有了一统天下的决心,进而蚕食三晋,解除了东进的障碍。因为慢了一步,也因为改革的不彻底,使各国彻底落后于秦国。
公元前247年,秦王政亲政。先平定叛乱,稳定国内局势,自公元前230年起,历时十年,先后灭亡韩、赵、魏、楚、燕、齐六国,一统天下,称皇帝,是为秦始皇,建立了中央集权的大一统国家。
自平王东迁到秦统天下,历时五百多年。
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