导入:
第1段:提出一种现象或某种困难作为议论的话题
正文:
第2段:Many ways can help to solve this serious problem, but the following may be most effective. First of all... Another way to solve the problem is ... Finally...(列出2~3个解决此类问题的办法
结论:
第3段:These are not the best but the only two/ three measures we can take. But it should be noted that we should take action to...(强调解决此类问题的根本方法
1。 头绪分明,脉络清楚
写好记叙文,首先要头绪分明,脉络清楚,明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析,弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程,然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个“ W ”和一个“ H ”有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这些“ W ”和“ H ”,但动笔之前,围绕五个“ W ”和“ H ”进行构思是必不可少的。
2。 突出中心,详略得当
在文章的框架确定后,对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍,应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,定好详略。要突出重点,详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节,略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化,使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题,也需要一定的技巧。如:
One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children。 They have not eaten for days。" I took some food with me and went。
When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破坏外貌) by hunger。 There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger。
I gave the rice to the mother。 She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice。 When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors — they are hungry also!"
3。 用活语言,准确生动
记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动,又要表现力强,这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动,其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。
原文:
One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away。 He was soon lost among people and traffic。 He could not find the way back home and started crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying。 They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened。 Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived。 The two students decided to take him home。 Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound。 She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didn't take it。 She served them with tea but they left。
修改后:
The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street。 After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home。 But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic。 When he could not find the way home, he started and crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop。 They immediately went up to him。
"Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked。
"I want Mom, I go home。" said the boy, still crying。
"Don't worry, we'll send you home。"
And they spent the next two hours looking for the boy's house。 With the help of a policeman, they finally found it。
When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house。 Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea。
I was born in a beautiful town with high mountains around it.The mountains are covered with all kinds of green bamboo.Through the town runs a small stream.It’s said that a new railway is going to be built to the east of the town and a bamboo factory to the west.All the children of the school age can go to school.If anyone is ill,he can go to see the doctor in the newly-built hospital.People in the town are hard-working and never take the backwardness lying down.Though they are having a richer and better life,they are not satisfied with what they have got.They are working hard to build their town into a modern one.
汉末,黄巾事起,天下大乱,曹操坐据朝廷,孙权拥兵东吴,汉宗室豫州牧刘备听徐庶(三国时豫州长社人,为著名谋土和司马徽(三国时豫洲阳翟人,也是著名谋士说诸葛亮很有学识,又有才能,就和关羽、张飞带着礼物到隆中(现今湖北襄阳县卧龙岗去请诸葛亮出来帮助他替国家做事。恰巧诸葛亮这天出去了,刘备只得失望地转回去。不久,刘备又和关羽、张飞冒看大风雪第二次去请。不料诸葛亮又出外闲游去了。张飞本不愿意再来,见诸葛亮不在家,就催着要回去。刘备只得留下一封信,表达自己对诸葛亮的敬佩和请他出来帮助自己挽救国家危险局面的意思。
过了一些时候,刘备吃了三天素,准备再去请诸葛亮。关羽说诸葛亮也许是徒有一个虚名,未必有真此才实学,不用去了。张飞却主张由他一个人去叫,如他不来,就用绳子把地捆来。刘备把张飞责备了一顿,又和他俩第三次访诸葛亮。到时,诸葛亮正在睡觉。刘备不敢惊动他,一直站到诸葛亮自己醒来,才彼此坐下谈话。
诸葛亮见到刘备有志替国家做事,而且诚恳地请他帮助,就出来全力帮助刘备建立蜀汉皇朝。三国演义把刘备三次亲自敦请诸葛亮的这件事情,叫做三顾茅庐。成语三顾茅庐由此而来,比喻访贤求才,真心诚意地邀请别人。
一个顾客走进一家汽车维修店,自称是某运输公司的汽车司机。在我的帐单上多写点零件,我回公司报销后,有你一份好处。他对店主说。但店主拒绝了这样的要求。顾客纠缠说:我的生意不算小,会常来的,你肯定能赚很多钱!店主告诉他,这事无论如何也不会做。顾客气急败坏的嚷道:谁都会这么***,我看你是太傻了。店主火了,他要那个顾客马上离开,到别处谈这种生意去这时顾客露出微笑并满怀敬佩的`握住店主的手:我就是那家运输公司的老板,我一直在寻找一个固定的、信得过的维修店,你还让我到哪里去谈这笔生意呢?
面对诱惑,不怦然心动,不为其所惑,虽平淡如行云,质朴如流水,却让人领略到一种山高海深。这是一种闪光的品格&&诚信。
有关真诚待人的名言1.一言九鼎重千秋。--陈毅
2.愚蠢和傲慢是一树之果。――谚语
3.君子戒自欺,求自谦。――《海瑞集》
4.诚之所感,触处皆通。--宋·吴处厚
5.行必诚,言必信;法必依,治必严。
6.真诚是一种心灵的开放。--拉罗什富科
7.没有诚实何来尊严。--西塞罗
8.真诚是一种心灵的开放。--(法拉罗什福科
9.真诚是通向荣誉之路。--(法左拉
10.真诚是玻璃,谨慎是钻石。--中国锦言
11.真诚才是人生最高的美德。--(英乔叟
12.丈夫一言许人,千金不易。--《资治通鉴》
13.遵守诺言就象保卫你的荣誉一样。--巴尔扎克
14.行谨则能坚其志,言谨则能崇其德。--胡宏
15.老老实实最能打动人心。--(英莎士比亚
16.一个真认识自己的人,就没法不谦虚。--佚名
17.真诚是一种心灵的开放。--(法拉罗什福科
18.自满者,人损之;自谦者,人益之。--魏征如
19.敬人者,人恒敬之;爱人者,人恒爱之。--孟子
20.在人生道路上谦让三分,就能天宽地阔。--卡耐基
21.惧则思,思则通微;惧则慎,慎则不败。――张居正
22.锄一恶,长十善。――《宋史毕士安传》
23.思诚为修身之本,而明善又为思诚之本。--宋·朱熹
24.虚骄(自大者败之媒,卑飞使用翼者击之渐。――康有为
25.真诚不需假手于笔墨,美丽不须借助于粉黛。--莎士比亚
26.真诚与朴实是天才的宝贵品质--斯坦尼斯拉夫斯基
27.在一切道德品质中,善良的本性是世界上最需要的。--罗素
28.对友情唯一不变的考验,还是长久不变的真诚。--(中国柯蓝
29.诚挚坦然的态度要比处处防范他人的态度有益得多。--(美国罗杰斯
30.真诚是使一个人伟大的最基本的力量,它使一个人的缺点和错失也能变得被原谅。--罗兰
1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的\',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
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