总的说,以记叙和描写为主要表达方式的文章叫记叙文。但记叙文写作,伴随自然流漏的适当议论和抒情。记叙文有广义与狭义之分。
广义的记叙文,包括记叙性的文学作品,如散文、小说,等。狭义的记叙文是指以记人、叙事、写景、状物为主,对社会生活中的人、事、景、物的情态变化和发展进行叙述和描写的.一类
文章,常见的如消息、通讯、特写、报告文学、游记、日记、参观记、回忆录,以及一部分书信等记叙文,是以叙述为主要表达方式,以写人物的经历和事物发展变化为主要内容的一种文体。
广义的记叙文,包括记叙性的文学作品,如散文、小说,等。
小说是通过塑造人物、叙述故事、描写环境来反映生活、表达思想的一种文学体裁。“虚构性”,是小说的本质。一般的,现在将所有的文体分为小说与、散文、戏剧四种,而你所说的记叙文与说明文、议论文、应用文等则都属于散文的范畴,是散文的再分类。那么,小说和记叙文的关系即不交叉也不包含,更不平行,它们不再同一个层面上的。
散文和记叙文、议论文、说明文是交叉的。《背影》从文学的角度是散文,从实用文的角度就是记叙文了。《社戏》从文学的角度是是小说,从实用文的角度只能是记叙文了
Nowadays, many famous university campuses have become one of the popular tourist attractions. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that every year thousands and thousands of middle school students visit Tsing Hua University and Peking University and other famous universities in China. In the place far away from the capital city, the local students also visit the universities famous in their own province.
So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to open the university campus for tourists? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing for the students to visit the famous university campus in that it can enable the middle students to get more information about the university and they can have enough time and opportunity to prepare themselves with the chance to get into the university. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, the public tourism will have negative effect on the universities because it will not only do harm to the environment but also to the intellectual atmosphere.
In my opinion, the tourism to the universities is not a good thing. The campus is mainly a place for study. With the increasing tourism on the campus, it will ruin the spiritual atmosphere in this learning field.
首先,提纯范文 “谋篇布局”及结构模板。
第一段:提出问题或现象。Nowadays, … … have become one of the popular … …. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that … ….
第二段:正反列举人们的看法。So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to … …? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing for … … in that … …. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, … … will have negative effect on … … because it will not only do harm to … … but also to … ….
第三段:摆明自己观点。In my opinion, … … is not a good thing. … … With the increasing … …, it will ruin … ….
其次,提纯范文“段落写作”。
段落写作分为统一性,连贯性和完整性三方面。
统一性(unity:段落开头的主题句应该做到不可太宽泛,也不可太具体,做到有较强的概括性才能使下文做到有的放矢的展开。范文第二段首句以设问的方式提出一个问题is it a good or bad thing就有很强的概况性。下文自然会一方面从好的方面说明,另一方面从坏的方面说明。
连贯性(coherence:关联词是使文章段落之间相互连贯的必要条件。范文中nowadays, on one hand, on the other hand, in one’s opinion即以“启承转合”递进的顺序是文章条理清晰,层层展开。
完整性(completeness:以设问句“So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to open the university campus for tourists?”开头,这是平时较少运用的段落写作方式——设问法。“On one hand … …. On the other hand, … ….”是段落写作分类列举法的典型用法。
再次,提纯范文“句子写作”。
1. It has been shown that … …
类似句型:It is known to us that … …
It is said that … …
It is reported that … …
It is controversial that … …
2. “… … Tsing Hua University and Peking University and other famous universities … …。”——并列句。并列句是简单的复杂句。但其运用方法并不简单,注意练习并接句的使用,会使句子显的更加饱满。
3. enable v. 使…能够
I gave him full directions to enable him to find the house.
4. in that = because
表“因为”的连词还有since, for, as,如:
The boy was absent because he was ill. = The boy was absent since he was ill.
此句以我们常用的人称开头,句式简单,我们可以通过把since提前改变句式,如:
Since the boy was ill, he was absent. 句式多样化。
最后,提纯范文“措辞”。
1. attraction n. 具有吸引力的事情。
2. thousands and thousands 成千上万的
形容“多”的表达方法:millions and millions
a multitude of
a great deal of
a large amount of
plenty of
many a
3. “some people argued that … …”中的“argue”并不是“讨论,辩论”的意思,而是“认为”。
I argue that … …
I maintain that … …
I claim that … …
I insist that … … = I think that … …
I hold that … …
I assert that … …
I assume that … …
4. negative adj. 否定的.,相反的
hold negative view = hold opposite opinions
5. phenomenon n. 现象
social phenomenon 社会现象
natural phenomenon 自然现象
6. intellectual adj. 聪明的= intelligent, bright, clever
(选词策略:使用最近所学的单词,如intellectual > intelligent > bright > clever
在分析并掌握范文之后,我们需要运用范文知识练习仿写。笔者运用2005年12月范文中的模板结构仿写了2006年12月的四级作文,以供参考:
1. 许多人喜欢在除夕夜看春节晚会
2. 但有些人提出取消春节晚会
3. 我的看法
Nowadays, the Spring Festival Evening has become one of the popular topic and attractions during every traditional New Year’s Eve. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that every year thousands and thousands of Chinese people appear to be accustomed to enjoying the sights and sounds of a brilliant feast, while gathering with their beloved family.
However, an increasing number of people have voiced different opinions towards it. So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to cancel the Spring Festival Evening? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing to amuse the audience in that it is composed by a numerous adequate programs, such as the emotional song, the graceful dance, the funny short sketch, the amusing comic dialogue, the delightful magic, and the marvelous acrobatics and so on. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, the Spring Festival Evening will have negative effect on the family harmony because it will not only do harm to having the talks between family members on the Spring Festival Eve but also to enjoying the gourmet meal in a fancy restaurant.
In my opinion, the Spring Festival Evening is a good thing. It may not remain a must for all people, but it can bring us a strong sense of festivity and serve as an alternative among the variety of holiday activities. With the increasing audience of the Spring Festival Evening, it will ruin a distinctive culture during the Spring Festival vacation.
近日,我一直忙着些东西,闲暇之余便会看看电脑里珍藏已久的视频。今天我在视频里看见了你的身影,听见你那清脆豪放的声音,使我回忆起了与你一起的短暂时光。三年来,我们只是通了一次电话,却始终没有见上一面,我们都在忙碌着嘛!
记得吗?三年前我们在河南一起参加演员的'选拔,短短的七天让我认识了你这位朋友。现在除了你和冯康,我已经联系不到别人了。我依旧记得在临走的时候,你同每一个人都拥抱了,我们抱在一起的时间最长了。我本想今年暑假去趟少林寺,然后再去郑州看你,然而这个等了三年的机会却因为一点儿小事而与我失之交臂。我太后悔了,我实在不希望三年前我们的一次拥抱将会成为我们之间永远的诀别。
按时间算,你现在应该上初中了,你在小学的成绩很优异,这是我所知道的,但是那并不代表你初中的成绩如何。初中阶段,你要打好基础,对于你以后上高中是有帮助的,尤其要紧跟数学和英语,中考冲刺阶段你要更加努力。我想你现在也会面临上课困的问题,克服吧,尽量中午睡觉。这都是没有办法的事,现在中国的教育就是这样。实际上我们年轻的时候正好是放手玩儿的时候,等到了三四十岁都已经参加工作了,哪还有时间玩儿,到了七八十岁,想玩儿都玩儿不动了,你说是不?
将来,你也要面临中考,中考是人生路上具有深远意义的转折,劳逸结合,考场放松,平静心态,你才能够在每次中取得胜利。忘记你现在取得的成就,专心做好每一件事。我相信你能行。
眼看就要到xx年了,离2020年还有8年,离2050年还有38年,邓**同志的“三步走”战略还有38年就要完成,或许更早。到那时,我们已经是年过半百的人了,我们能否享受美好的生活,关键靠我们这一代人的艰苦奋斗。我们肩负着实现中华民族伟大复兴的崇高历史使命,改革开放与社会主义现代化建设任重而道远,中国未来的美好蓝图需要我们这一代人辛勤勾勒。中国能够继续耸立在世界大国之林也将是我们努力的结果。
我相信这些道理你都明白,过多的我也不多讲了,我知道你每天的日程安排很紧,但我还是邀请你寒假或者暑假来我家做客,我要带你去看看我家乡的一草一木。好了,就说这些吧,希望你今后平平安安,学习进步。希望你看到信后有时间给我回信。
XXXX
12月15日
A.文中与现代汉语词义相同的有:肉、骨、狼、远、投、劲刀、麦尝场主等。
B.古文中是单音词,现代汉语中是双音词的有:屠(屠户)、晚(晚上)、剩(剩下)、惧(害怕)、止(停止)、野(田野)、弛(松弛)、目(眼睛)、悟(醒悟)等。
C.古文中使用,在现代汉语中不常使用或意义发生变化的有:薪(柴禾)、眈眈(注视的样子)。其实它们的这种含义在现代汉语中也有相对的.例证,如:杯水车·薪、虎视·眈·眈等。
D.古文与现代文意义区别较大的词:奔(跑)、行(走)。
这四类词,A类不需要讲,B类只需在解释时点明即可,C类也可在现代文中讲清楚,需要记住的只有D类。通过上面的分解,实际上D类词在古汉语中所占的比例是很小的。这样,词义的理解与记忆负担就大大降低了。
How to prevent the H7N9?
As is well known,the A flu is spreading throught our country. However, if we negnect it, the deadly H7N9 may cause more infectors,or even more deaths. So what is the most important is that we should take some effective measures to prevent it.They can be listed as follows.
Firstly,it is necessary for you to realize the Avian flu can be prevented if you develop good living habits. For example,you shouldn’t forget to wash your hands before meals.Besides,don’t spit everywhere and try to cover your mouth or nose with paper or hankerchiefs when you have to cough or sneeze.What’s more, remember to wear the mouth-cover if you have to go to the public places, such as the crowded cinemas,supermarkets, buses,where the A flu may spread easily.
Secondly,of course, taking exercise more often and taking good sleep to build your body are wise choices for you to reduce the risk of being infected.
Last but not the least, if you are unlucky to be infected with the slight flu cold, try to stay at home,and take some medicine. Do pay attention to your daily body temperature. If you have a high fever, go to the hospital without delay for further treatment. Make sure you are not expected to come back to school before the cold or flu is cured.
Only by doing like this can you prevent or defeat the A flu in the end.
to prevent H7N9 we should know some common sense. First of all, it is important for us to prevent H7N9 from ourselves. For example, clean our hands frequently.
Sencondly, do more exercises. Such as running. Lastly, change our diet to keep balence. For example, eat more types of vegetables and drink more water
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