《经济增长理论》是阿瑟.刘易斯于1954年7月在曼彻斯特完成的。书中开创性的力图破解发展中国家如何赶上发达国家的基本思路是非常明确的,到处闪烁着作者在谙熟当时经济理论基础上的独立思索的思想的光辉。本人主要认为有以下几点:
第一,刘易斯先生不去向马克思和亚当.斯密那样去预测不同社会制度的走向,而只探讨富裕国家在发展中所发生的变化将在多大程度上也许可望在较贫穷国家里重现。对于发达国家本身,作者认为无法预测他们下一步将走向何方。因为我们不相信人类的未来是受我们认识的或能够认识到的不变的规律支配的。书中预测的基础,要脚踏实地得多,这一点我觉得对赶超国家来说非常的重要。这也与我的经济学与政治应作适当分离的思路是一致的。
第二,刘易斯先生比较全面的论述了发展中国家现在面临的所有重要的宏观经济问题。书中论述了节约、经济制度、知识、资本、人口和资源、政府和经济增长的关系。连作者自己也认为这种全面论述经济增长的著作有一个世纪多没有出现了,最后一本涉及范围如此广泛的巨著是约翰斯图尔特穆勒所写的《政治经济学原理》,于1848年出版。
第三,作者重视经济思想史对经济研究的重要作用。书中区分了归纳法和演绎法的作用和区别,归纳法适合从经济学说史的角度对经济问题做长期的分析;而演绎法更多的适用于短期的经济政策的制定。我也觉得任何问题的探讨追根溯源是非常重要的。这样分析的问题才清析、透彻。太长期间的预测受太多的偶然因素的\'影响,可信度将大大降低。
第四、承认不同的社会制度存在的合理性和价值的互补性。作者认为发展中国家能够通过处理好面临的经济社会问题赶超发达国家。书中并未触及社会制度层面对经济增长的影响。即只研究发展中涉及的经济问题。另外,作者还阐述了历史观,作者认为,历史并非是由事实组成的,而是由历史学家对所发生的事件及其原因的见解组成的。这一点在经济思想史的研究过程中是非常重要的一点。
对于《经济增长理论》,我认为对当代的发展经济学有非常深刻的影响。当代的发展经济学虽然很好地区分了经济增长和经济发展之间的关系,借鉴了新古典经济学的一些成熟理论,但还是没能跳出刘易斯《经济增长理论》的基本分析框架和思路。足见《经济增长理论》的影响是巨大的。但是,鉴于本人的观点,我觉得《经济增长理论》对当代《发展经济学》(特别是中国发展经济学)的影响也有较大遗憾的地方。
首先,《经济增长理论》把《发展经济学》引上了一条全面论述发展经济问题的宏观经济分析之路。实际上,经济学的微观经济学和宏观经济学是一对孪生姊妹,互相促进,不可分离。所以现代《发展经济学》在肯定工业化道路、资源禀赋等基本问题的基础上,应抓住影响经济发展问题的主要因素,特别注意微观经济分析的作用。因为,我们现在的很多宏观和微观的经济政策的制定和实施还是缘于当代主流经济学的基本分析。
第二,即使是《经济增长理论》是有关发展中国家宏观发展道路的全面论述,但是现代主流的宏观经济调控的两种措施:货币政策和财政政策并未得到提及和论述。这在今后发展经济学宏观理论部分的论述中是要解决的问题。因为这两种宏观调控措施在现代的发展中国家是已经并正在使用的有效手段。
第三,发展中国家实行市场经济,实行工业化等很多基本国情,要求发展经济学的研究必须遵循当代主流经济学的基本规律。比如帕累托改进,市场竞争机制,理性人的基本假设,定义良好的偏好的效用曲线等基本问题。这些问题是永远也绕不开的。我觉得,在这方面应得到加强。
第四,要加强数理分析的方法在现代发展经济学中的运用。数理的语言有助于用统一的语言来表述经济思想,而不至于引发歧义。而且,数理思想从希腊、罗马时期一直是科学发展的瑰宝。在经济学中,古典经济学家已经对此的运用普遍而成熟。包括论述市场经济效率(社会福利)最大化的瓦尔拉斯模型都得到了淋漓尽致的运用,这应成为经济学研究的一个共同知识,无可争议。但也存在一个度的问题。
summer can be very hot in southern taiwan where the temperature usually goes up to 32"c or more. because of the heat it is a trying experience to go to school or do anything else in a place that is not air-conditioned. also because of this i stay at home most of the time during the summer vacation and only occasionally go to the beach to plunge myself into the cool water as a way to keep my body less sticky.
actually i like swimming and think nothing is more refreshing than a swim. in the summer vacation that has just ended i went swimming many times with my classmates and we all had a good time. this summer vacation, however, was not spent entirely in seeking fun. as a second-year senior student i had to prepare myself for the college entrance examinations that were only a year away. in other words, i must find time to study, too.
so i divided my time between work and play during the summer vacation and derived much benefit from this arrangement.
the summer vacation had come round again. i was happy that i could forget about school at least for a while. lest i fool around all through this summer vacation, i made a plan as to how to spend it. first, i thought i should go over all those things my teachers taught in the previous term so that i could have a better understanding of them.
then i thought i should take up some forms of exercise, such as walking, running and rowing, to keep me physically strong. it stood to reason that with such a good plan i should make the best of my vacation time. i did, because i lived up to what i had planned.
how time flies,unconsciouslthe next winter vacation will soon come.in order to improve myself awell aenjoa happholiday,i made the winter vacation plan.
firstli want to continue with mstudy,i think studia life process,so no matter what the situation i am in,i will look for chanceto continue it.i have bought several new book,including those bookon mmajor(专业and some novel,i will trto finish reading them in the holidaand write notes. j
secondly,since it ithe holiday,i will share it with mfamiland friend.you know the spring festival will soon come, i believe i would chatting and plagamewith mfriendand famil.i think i will enjothe vacation.
为了进一步加强流动人口计划生育的管理和服务,做好流动人口计划生育的基础工作,全面提高我县计划生育工作整体水平,根据区人口和计生委的统一部署,我们结合我社区实际,在全县范围内开展了流动人口计划生育清理清查工作。
流动人口管理是计划生育工作的重点,也是难点,因此开展集中性清理清查是流动人口计划生育管理的重要手段,为了确保社区流动人口计划生育清理清查工作取得实效,在清查时,采取统一领导、统一时间、统一登记、统一管理的办法,按照宣传培训、清理清查、回访复查、建档立卡,完善制度五个阶段,对社区流动人口特别是重点人群进行了全面的.清理清查,摸底建档,完善管理,健全制度,清除管理“空挡”和“死角”,主攻管理的薄弱环节,为社区的流动人口计划生育管理走上经常化、制度化、规范化的管理轨道奠定了坚实基础。
通过清理清查,提高社区各级对流动人口计划生育管理和服务工作的认识,为全县计划生育整体工作再上台阶提供有力保障。
My winter vacation plan
My winner vacation is coming soon .I am so happy I decide to make a winter vacation plan .First, I will do my homework carefully Second ,I am going to help my mother with housework .Then,I want to play with my best friend.I will also visit my grangparents with my parents .We will spend Spring Festival with them.I think every day during my winter vacation will be happy.
I am sure I willhave a wonderful vacation. I can not wait.
July 5th, 2010
It was the first day of our summer holiday.All of us were very happy. Why? Because we have two months to do things we love to do.We are free.Although we have some homework.But we can finish them in several days.And the rest time we can make good use of.My god! We have been very tired after hard studying.In summer holidays,I want to have full sleep and eat good food in order to replenish myself. Last but not the least,I will have a good rest.
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