考辅P42
1.IgaveTomthebook.//
2.Heboughthismothersomeflowers.//
3.Thebridgewasbuiltbyworkerslastyear.//
4.Wehavetofinishtheworktoday.//5.Hewilldohishomeworktomorrow.//
6.Wecleantheroomseveryday.//7.Thewriterspent3yearsonthebook.//
8.Itisabookwithalotofbeautifulpictures.//
9.Thebooksoldverywellduringthefirstweek.//firstweek.
10.Marywastheonlyoneintheoffice.//
11.Shefinishedherworkat10o’clock.//Shedidn’12.Shehadtotakeataxihomebecauseitwastoolate.
13.LizaandMikearrivedattheGreatWallintwohours.
14.Theywerehappytogettothetop.//
15.TheyenjoyedthemselvesontheGreatWall.//
16.ThepostmansentSusanandTommyapaperbox.
17.Theyopeneditandfoundapresentfromtheirfriend.
18.Theybothlikedthepresentandfeltveryhappy.
19.Alicedidn’tfeelwelltoday,soshewenttothehospital.
20.Thedoctoraskedhersomequestions.//
21.Thedoctordidn’tgiveheranymedicineintheend.
(全真1)
1.ThecapitalAirporthasbeeninusefor20years.//
2.ThecapitalAirportisthelargestoneinChina.//
3.Ihavenevertakenaplane.MyfriendLiPing,either.//
(全真2)
1.Fathergave$20formetobuysomebooks.//
2.IwasexcitedwhenIsawsomanygoodbooksinthebookstore.
3.ButsomebookswouldcostmorethanIhave.//
ButIdidn’//(全真3)
1.ManyChinesefriendswenttotheparty.2.Tonywasgivenalotofpresentsbyhisfriends.//Tony’
3.SeeinghisChineseteacheratthepartymadeTonyveryhappy.//(全真4)
1.Iwanttoeatsomething.//2.Therefrigeratorisempty.//3.Bobspentfifteenyuanonthehamburger.///(全真5)
1.Mr.Wangdoesn’tworkinthatfactoryanylonger.//
2.Mr.Wanglefthomeearlierinordertocatchthebus.3.Mr.Wangfindsitnoteasytogetalongwiththatyoungguy.//(专家1)
1.Manypeoplewentshoppingyesterday.
2.Janespent4hourstobuyNewyeargifts.//
3.Shewassotiredthatshecouldn’twalkanylonger.//
(专家2)
1.Myfriendssaidtome,“Areyoufree?”
2.Shewantedmetogoshoppingwithher.
3.Shethinksitapleasuretogoshoppingwithafriend.
非谓语动词系列训练(二)
一:在句子意思不变的情况下用分词或不定式改写下列句子:
1.When he saw from the top of the mountain, he viewed a beautiful city.
-----___________from the top of the mountain, he viewed a beautiful city.(用分词
2.When it was seen from the of the mountain, the city looks like a garden. (用分词 ------_____________from the of the mountain, the city looks like a garden. city. (用分词
3.When he was asked why he went there, he said he was sent there to be trained for a space flight.
-------When ________ why he went there, he said he was sent there to be trained for a space flight. (用分词
4. Do you know the boy who knows Japanese?
----- Do you know the boy ___________ Japanese? (用分词
5. Do you know the boy who is called Tom.
---- Do you know the boy ________Tom.- (用分词
6. This is the man who organized the activity.
This is the man________________ the activity. (用分词
7. He followed his students and came in.
------ He came in, ____________ his students(用分词
8. He came in and was followed by his students
----- He came in ,____________by his students(用分词
9.The woman who was dressed in a blue skirt delivered a speech to us.
---- The woman _____________ in a blue skirt delivered a speech to us. (用分词
10. Because he is a physicist, he could well explained how to do the research.
---- _______ a physicist, he could well explained how to do the research. (用分词
11. He was born on the 18th of January, 1979 in Taiwan, and he was raised by his mother and was shy and quiet during his childhood.
----- ____________on the 18th of January, 1979 in Taiwan, and he was raised by his mother and was shy and quiet during his childhood. (用分词
12. The flowers his friend gave him will die unless it is watered every day.
---The flowers his friend gave him will die unless ____________ every day. (用分词
13.When we were walking dogs, we came across a famous professor.
------ When ____________ dogs, we came across a famous professor. (用分词
14. He donated over 10 billion dollars in order that he could sponsor education, culture, sports, and public welfare in the earth-stricken area.
----- He donated over 10 billion dollars _____________education, culture, sports, and public welfare in the earth-stricken area.(用不定式
15 After he had finished his homework, he played the piano.
----- ____________ his homework, he played the piano.
16. After the bridge had been completed, it went through a hard time because of the bad weather.
----______________________, it went through a hard time because of the bad weather.
17 It is said that Bell invented the telephone.
18. Bell is said __________ the telephone. (用不定式
19. I don’t decide what I should do.
I don’t decide what__________(用不定式
20. It happened that he had been invited
---- He happened _____________
21.He was so young that he could not go to school. He was too young __________ to school.
22. When the test was finished, we began our holiday.
----- The test __________, we began our holiday.(用独立主格结构
23. As time goes by ,he becoms aware of it.
With time ________ by, he becomes aware of the significant of it.
24. The moon, which travels round the earth once every month, is a natural satellite of the earth.
---- The moon, ___________ round the earth once every month, is a natural satellite of the earth.
25. Though he had been told several times, he didn’t understand me.
-----_______ several times, he didn’t understand me.
26. After the problem was solved,he took a rest.
----With the problem ____________, he took a rest.
27. If time permits, we will
28.He lay there, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up.
---He lay there, his hand_______, his eyes looking straight up
29.I once read a book called Man, Woman and Child, which enabled me to understand the love in a family.
------I once read a book called Man, Woman and Child, ______________ me to understand the love in a family. (用分词
30.There are many places of interest, among which is the Yunji mountain,whose scenery is very beautiful, which attracts lots of tourists from different places every year.
------There are many places of interest, among which is the Yunji mountain,whose scenery is very beautiful, ____________ lots of tourists from different places every year. (用分词
二:非谓语动词完成句子练习
there was no doctor available. (only
, playing cards at home or taking a walk in the park? (spend
. (think
包括三名儿童). (child
5. 根据他的话判断), he did well in his exam. (judge
the Tang Dynasty. (date
7. This is an article (由五部分组成)five parts. (consist
five parts.(make
as soon as possible. (solve
bored a lot of fans to death. (concern
, l cannot object to your marriage. (concern
子)at school? (keep)
(躲在木箱里)behind the door. (hide
,we had to walk home last night. (be.
in the broad daylight yesterday. (rob
(满是脚印). (mark
(石油价格上涨), the economy of that country is slowing down. (go
18. When the national flag is being hoisted, all the students stand at attention, . (fix
him, I decided to write again. (hear
20. He doesn’t seem to mind by others. (make
next week is of great importance. (hold
is very important. (hold
is of great importance. (hold
the Third World. (belong
(致力于研究), the professor paid little attention to his surroundings. (devote
in the morning. (come
(为了确保那孩子尽快康复),five doctors took turns looking after him day and night. (ensure
,the old man struggled to his feet. (help
, the parents were taken to the dining room. (show)
(.support)
. (drop)
, I am not familiar with this kill. (tell
(为了不被注意)by others . (notice
三:合并下列句子
1. The annual school sports meeting was held yesterday. It presented a marvelous opening ceremony.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. After the opening ceremony, we sat in the base of our class. We waited patiently for the beginning of the race.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Some of my classmates work very hard, and they hope to fulfill their dream. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4..My friend Christine took part in the 800-meter race. She had received training many times, so she kept calm before the race. After 400 meters, though she looked tired, she still tried her best to run. We screamed and beat the drum when we saw she passed by. She won the medal, and we were proud of it. (把短文中的从句或并列句改成非谓语动词
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
四:语篇填空 用所给动词的适当形式填空。(一)
Freud was one of the first scientists [1]_________(make)serious research of the mind. The mind is the collection of activities [2]_________(base) in the brain that involve how we act, think, feel and reason. He used long talks with patients and the study of dreams [3]___________(search) for the causes of mental and emotional problems. He also tried hypnosis(催眠. He wanted to see if [4]________(put)patients into a sleep-like condition would help ease
[5]________(trouble) minds. In most cases he found the effects only temporary. Freud worked hard, although what he did might sound easy. His method involved [6]________ (sit with his patients and [7]________(listen)to them talk. He had them [8]________(talk)about whatever they were thinking. All ideas, thoughts and anything that entered their mind had to
[9]___________(express). There could be no[10]________(hold)back because of fear or guilt. 基础写作 :最近,你就读的学校——广东实验中学高中部将举办开放日。 你将作为学校的
学生代表向前来参观的英语老师介绍高中校区的基本情况,请准备好你的解说词,文章的开头和结尾已为你写好。(学会用非谓语动词表达)
?位置交通:位于广州市西部,荔湾区;出行便利,步行到地铁站约10分钟。 ?学校历史:逾120年的悠久历史;现高中校区于2004年 竣工并投入使用。 ?校园环境:占地面积约125,000平方米;植物繁茂,绿树成荫,环境优美。 ?校园设施:课室宽敞明亮,配备齐全;拥有标准运动 设施,
其中综合体育馆可用于举办比赛、会议和典礼。
?师生情况:目前学生约3000人,教师约200人;全体师生正在
为学校更美好的明天共同奋斗。
?【写作要求】
?只能用5个句子表达全部内容。?【评分标准】 ?句子结构准确,信息内容完整,篇章结构连贯。
Good morning, teachers! Welcome to Guangdong Experimental High School!.....
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
非谓语动词练习答案
1.Seeing 2.Seen (原句有误,请改成When it was seen from the top of the mountain,the city is beautiful (用分词 3. asked 4. knowing 5. called 6. organizing 7. following 8. followed 9. dressed 10. Being 11. Born 12. watered 13. walking 14. to sponsor 15. Having finished 16. Having been completed 17 18.. to have invented
19.to do 20. to have been invited 21. to go 22 finished 23. going 24. travelling 25. Having been toldTold 26. solved 27.permitting 28. clenched 29.enabling 30. attracting
二:非谓语动词完成句子练习
Keys:
1. only to be told (that 2. to spend your spare/free time
3. thinking about 4. including three children/ three children included
5. Judging from / by his words/what he said
6. dating back to/from (which dates back to/from
7. consisting of / which consists of
8. made up of/which is made up of 9. to solve the problem
10. concerning the football match 11. As/So far as I am concerned
12. (in keeping five children 13. hidden in a wooden box
14. There being no bus 15. to have been robbed
16. Seen from the top of 17. Seeing from the top of
18. To see 19. marked with footprints
20. the price of oil going up 21. fixed on/upon the national flag
22. with (both his hands tied 23. Not having heard from
24. (his being made fun of 25. to be held
(一)改写一般疑问句:
(1)原句中有be动词的,将be动词提前,其他顺序不变。
例如:Thisisacat.变为Isthisacat?
(2)原句中有情态动词的(can/may/shall/would)将情态动词提前,其他顺序不变。例如:Hewouldlikeapie.变为Wouldhelikeapie?
(3)原句中是一般动词的,在句首加助动词do或dose(用于主语是第三人称动词单数的句子),其他顺序不变。例如:Iplaytheguitar.变为Doyouplaytheguitar.
(4)原句中的some变any。
注:以情态动词开头的一般疑问句,并且要求对方做肯定回答的`some不变。
(5)原句中的第一人称改为第二人称。例如:Iamanurse.变为Areyouanurse?
(6)以dose开头的一般疑问句,原来动词的第三人称单数形式要变回原形。例如:Hereadsastorybook.变为Dosehereadastorybook?
(二)改写否定句:
(1)原句中有be动词的,直接在be动词后面加not。例如:Itisadog.→It’snotadog./Itisn’tadog.
(2)原句中有情态动词的,直接在情态动词后加not。
例如:Iwouldlikeahotdog.→Iwouldnotlikeahotdog.
(3)原句中是一般动词的,在一般动词前加don’t或doesn’t(用于主语是第三人称单数的句子),doesn’t后面用原型。例如:Iseethreehamburgers.→Idon’tseethreehamburgers.
原句中的some变any例如:Ihavesomebreadan
dmilk.→Idon’thaveanybreadandmilk.
(4)以let开头的祈使句,如果是letus或letme,直接在其后加not;如果let后面其他人称代词宾格(you、him、her、them、it)就在let后面加助动词don’t。例如:Letusgotothepark.→Letusnotgotothepark.再如:Letthemdohomework.→Don’tletthemdohomework.
(三)对划线部分提问:
对划线部分提问,就是先把一个陈述句的划线部分去掉,然后变为一个特殊疑问句:一是特殊疑问句+一般疑问句;
二是特殊疑问句+陈述句(对主语或主语的定语提问,therebe结构除外)
⑴划线部分是人,用who提问。
⑴划线部分是主语,用who提问,who后面的动词要用第三人称单数形式。如:Whois;Wholikes;Whohas?
方法:who+原句的剩余部分
例如:①HelenandMikearelisteningtomusic.
→Whoislisteningtomusic?
②Ihavesomemodelplanes.
→Whohasanymodelplanes?
⑵划线部分是表语,用who提问。
方法:Who+剩余部分的一般疑问句形式
⑵划线部分是事或者物,用what提问。
方法:what+剩余部分的一般疑问句形式。
注:如果原句是therebe句型,直接用What’s+地点状语来提问。例如:①Wewouldliketobuysomethingsforaparty.
→Whatwouldyouliketobuyforaparty?
②Therearealotofcakesintheplate.
→Whatisintheplate?
⑶划线部分是物主代词或名词所有格,用Whose提问。
方法:⑴划线部分是主语的定语时,Whose+剩余部分
例如:Ourclassroomisbright.
→Whoseclassroomisbright?
⑵划线部分是表语或表语的定语时,Whose+剩余部分的一般疑问句形式例如:①ThewomanisSuYang’steacher.
→Whoseteacheristhewoman?
注:对某部分的定语提问,被修饰的部分跟随特殊疑问句往前提②ThispurseisYangLing’s.
→Whosepurseisthis?
⑷划线部分是地点,用where提问。
方法:where+剩余部分的一般疑问句形式
例如:TheyarehamingaMathslessonintheclassroom..
→WherearetheyhavingaMathslesson?
⑸划线部分是“多少”,用howmany或howmuch提问。
方法:⑴句中是可数名词的用Howmany+剩余部分的一般疑问句形式例如:Therearefifteentreesintheplayground.
→Howmanytreesarethereintheplayground?
⑵句中是不可数名词的用Howmuch+剩余部分的一般疑问句形式例如:Ihaveaglassofjuiceforbreakfast.
→Howmuchjuicedoyouhaveforbreakfast?
⑹划线部分是时间,用when或whattime(具体的几时几分)提问。方法:⑴when+剩余部分的一般疑问句形式
例如:SuYangandSuHaiareathomeonSundaymorning.
→WhenareSuYangandSuHaiathome?
⑵问具体的时间直接用Whattimeisit?或What’sthetime?问
例如:It’sthreeforty-five.
→Whattimeisit?或What’sthetime?
《定位》这本书看完了,通篇讲了不少在美国商业界经典的商业案例,让读者比较容易的明白产品定位对于产品长久发现的重要作用,其中有两章抽象总结定位的几个个人定位和产品定位的要素,还是值得去细细思考的。
找匹马骑(选择大于努力
在历史上有很多不得志的牛人,最后含恨而终。相信在你的周边也有很多执着聪明的人,职场的境遇也不是很好,找其原因,可能会归结到一点:你是不是选对了,正如梁宁老师所说「顺势而为」,文中也讲到了六匹马。
第一匹马是你所在的公司
第二匹马是你的老板
第三匹马是你的朋友
第四匹马是一个想法
第五匹马是信心
第六匹马是你自己
相信腾讯阿里的员工很幸福,但其实他们的能力也许没有联想之类的公司的能力强。原因在于这两家公司处于快速的上升期。大环境的强大,让每个员工的工作都充满了希望,因为每写一行代码,解决一个问题都能影响到亿万的用户。
决定公司发展前途更多的是老板的高度和视野。用一个现在使用比较时髦的词就是老板的认知边界。相信大家都比较推崇马云的战略大局观,这就是马云的认知边界很宽广,用梁宁老师的话来说,就是马云现在还没有发现他的边界在哪里,阿里走了很多超前的路,都证明马云的战略眼光的精准度。
借用辉哥的一个经验,如果你想跳槽,那么你把这个公司的老板的最近12个月的讲话拿出来,看看这个老板的讲话的水平和前后的一致性,你就基本能判断这个老板的水平是什么样的了,你也就能大体判断出来这个公司的走向了。老板很重要!!
第三个朋友就更重要了,交一个知心的朋友很重要。一个志同道合的朋友是一生受用的财富。跟交心的朋友无论聊天,工作都是一件很舒服的事情。另外,很多事情的决定和选择,朋友也会不遗余力的去帮助。一句话,朋友遍天下,走到哪里都不怕!!
书中把自己放到了最后一位,这个我还是比较认同的(很多人可能看了很多名人传记或者心灵鸡汤而不认同,但是普通大众是这样的。有个同事说过一个比较有意思的理论:一个人能决定自己的命运只有10%,90%是其他因素决定的。确实,自己准备好了,合理运用其他的运势,成功的几率会大大提升。
六问自己
最后有一章讲产品通通向成功的六个问题也是蛮有意思。
第一,你已经拥有什么定位
第二,你想拥有什么定位
第三,你必须超越谁
第四,你足够有钱吗
第五,你能坚持到底吗
第六,你的传播体现了自己的定位吗?
拿自己参与的产品来问问这几个问题,看看如何?
手百拥有什么定位?
手百现在主打的搜索+信息流的双引擎,那定位是什么呢?搜索和feed理论上是两个消费场景。所以在定位上也是存在切换的情况,有事的时候定位是搜索,没事的时候定位是feed。这种定位会深入用户的心智么?
手百想拥有什么定位呢?
综合来看,手百的更多的是目标导向,想更多的抢占用户的时间。围绕搜索功能,外围让更多服务在用户要离开的时候把用户拉回来。feed、小说等等,都是出于这个目的了,手百想拥有的更多是结果,而没有给用户心里一个定位。
手百要超越谁呢?
feed是要超越头条,搜索已经是市场第一,近期手百在做小程序,小程序作为满足搜索的长尾需求,场景还是比较契合的,那么手百要在这个纬度超越微信的小程序。超越的竞品还是蛮多的。
后三个大家一起想想哈!
一. .................................................................................................................................................. 1
二. .................................................................................................................................................. 1
三. .................................................................................................................................................. 2
四. .................................................................................................................................................. 3
五. .................................................................................................................................................. 8
一简述
1. 当过去分词在句末时,不管有无逗号,都是就近修饰名词;
2.现在分词在句末时,无逗号是就近修饰的名词的定语;
3.当现在分词在句尾且前有逗号时,修饰邻近句子的'主语,做主语的伴随状语或做句子的伴随结果.因此不能用句尾现在分词修饰前面句尾的名词. 所以OG127说C选项:"the phrasehaving been assigned...is uncertain in reference,making the sentence unclear."-->就是说这个现在分词本来是应该修饰前面的employee的,却变成了修饰主语governments了. (另外在GMAT里,having been done的用法错误,应直接用done
避免上述错误的方法:所修饰的名词在句尾用定语从句修饰--OG127正确选项B (而不用加逗号的现在分词修饰.其实分词是定语从句的省略形式,在句中无逗号分词(注意是无逗号的,有逗号的在句中有歧义就比定语从句简洁还有 OG120也是同样道理:修饰句尾名词,正确选项A用定语从句.E选项的句尾现在分词错误.
4.当现在/过去分词在句中且前没有逗号,修饰前面紧邻名词;
5.当现在/过去分词在句中且前后都有逗号,有歧义:1修饰前面紧邻的名词,2向后修饰后面句子的主语.
这种结构在GMAT肯定错,如果修饰某句主语,则避免将该分词置于以名词结尾的句后.避免方式:1用定语从句/介词短语明确修饰对象.2可将分词提到句首,所修饰主语及所在句子紧跟其后-->形成句首分词修饰句子主语.见OG179
6.在前面有多个名词如名词1+介词+名词2结构,而要用分词修饰名词1时,为避免歧义要重复名词1即用同位语结构:名词1+介词+名词2,名词1+分词.见OG208
二.
1、doing/done,SVO 注意分词的逻辑主语与S一致
2、介词/连词+doing/done,SVO 也要注意分词逻辑主语与S一致
3、S,doing/done,V 分词作定语修饰主语(前后一对逗号隔开,相当于定语从句)
注意:如果出现: “名词,doing,名词”,则会有分词前后的修饰歧义,如179DE,245E
4、SVO doing 分词作定语修饰主语,如 96AC,121C,146E,222A,234B,237E
5、SVO,doing
A、分词优先作状语
1)修饰主语(与分词在句首一样,注意逻辑主语),如 33B,39C,44B,120E,163D,256B
2)修饰主句动作,如 78BD,119B,154A,259A
B、其次作定语,但没有定语从句清晰,会有修饰歧义,如 253DE,(“,including”除外 249)
6、SVO done 分词作定语修饰O(同4)
7、SVO,done
A、分词作状语修饰S,如 大全558
B、分词作定语修饰O,如 127A(分词相当于形容词 253A)
some people base on sth是绝对错误的。但是有sb. base sth. on sth.的用法. 三.
1.SVO+doing,无逗号的情况下doing是针对宾语的动作,96AC(OG says : assuring针对主语有问题,121C,146E,222A(OG says: enabling很好的修饰了宾语,234B,237E -------以上证明了ets的偏好,svo+doing修饰主语是模糊的,修饰宾语是清晰的
2.SVO, doing有逗号,33B,39C(Og says:protecting很好的
解释了主语的行为,44B,120E(Og says:错误选项有可能混淆的指代主语而不是逻辑上正确的宾语,163D(Og says:sleeping正确的修饰了主语,256B --------以上证明了在Og中svo,doing的doing多指代主语
3.svo,doing有逗号,78BD(doing指代了前面整个句子的行为,119B(同前,154A(*,259A(同前------------以上证明了Og中svo,doing的doing多指代前面的整个句子
四.例子
产生participle phrases原点是为了to reduce wordiness by replacing longer adverbial or relative clauses,另外要强调的重要讯息不会写成participle phrases,因为分词修饰语属于次等地位(The
modifier is subordinate to the main clause。也就是说A….and B…(A与B一样重要,如果A…V..,B...Ving (就重要性而言A>B
简单一句:分词构句是主要句子的意义延伸。
目前我看到有几种句意:
1. 因果(★★★★★
2. 补述:解释某事(★★★、描述状态并列或伴随(★★、纯举例
participle
phrases如此具困扰性是因为可以改写的来源多
1.由adj. clauses (如who, which开头可改写成分词词组。考题中可分形容词子句限制性、非限制性改分词的考法。
2. 副词子句(有连接词开头的也可改分词词组,所以有因果关系或时间关系,单纯就时间关系看,可以有先后或同时,会有动作是伴随或是并列关系。
3.当三个以上的动词用and相连时,后面的部分也改写成分词(V, Ving... and Ving...。
我看过的说法中,觉得Manhatan GMAT备考网站,里面指导员所讲的分词概念不错,但是他的目的在卖书,所以讲的真的不多。
1.当分词构句放句首,修饰后面句子的主词。前几天看到有人发帖的整理,讲到分词在句首,表示此动作先于主要句子的动作,讲的真好。
2.当分词构句不放在句首时:
if
there's NO COMMA before a participle, then the participle creates an adjective phrase that modifies the noun immediately
preceding.
if
there's a COMMA before a participle, then the participle creates an adverb phrase that modifies the action of the preceding
clause.
PS:逗号的产生可能是插入语,遇到插入语可以跳过不看,不代表分词修饰这个插入语。
判断上抓前句的动词与主词,如果用中文想就是「此主体这个动作的行为导致或表示.....」(to modify the action of。而且不可以只有思考主词或动词。 如果遇到前句有数个动词,以找最近的动词为主,譬如V1 to V2,分词构句修饰V2
3.
participle (V-ing after the comma can not modify the subject of the preceding clause's
noun.
這個考「什么情况下不可以改成分词构句?」除了需要有对等连接词的句子,不可改分词构句,因为句意重要性会被改变外,
打逗号的Ving分词,无法修饰逗号之前的名词,所以非限制的形容词子句最好不要改分词Ving构句(有7個考題,但是Ved分词例外(有两个考题。
艾·里斯与杰克·特劳特两人提出的“定位”理论,对美国的营销观念影响巨大,也引起了全行业的轰动。之后定位成了营销界人人谈论的热点话题,也由此开创了营销理论全面创新的时代。
首先,作者介绍了什么是定位:由于在社会的传播过度、头脑的过分简单,那些传播方法变得效率低下,而我们何不把注意力放在预期客户身上,而不是产品身上,简化选择过程,还要学会那些有助于大幅提高传播效率的原则和概念。公司必须在于其客户头脑里建立一个“地位”,她不仅反映出公司的优势和劣势,也反映出竞争对手的有时和劣势。定位思维的精髓在于,把观念当作现实来接受,然后重构这些观念,以达到你所希望的境地。
对于美国这个传播过度的国家,大量传播的信息,只有小部分才是真正有用的,大量的信息反而阻塞了流通通道,造成了资源的浪费,这些对我们的大脑一次次地进攻,我们的大脑备受***扰,我们现在也能切身地感受到,周围来自各个方面的信息,与琳琅满目的商品让我们应接不暇,所以有时我们就要学会过滤,从而了解最突出的信息和最好的产品。就像书中所说:为了应付我们这个传播过度的社会,人们学会了在头脑中的小阶梯上给产品打分排级,例如,在租车行业,大多数人把赫兹公司放在第一层,把艾维斯公司放在第二层,把全美公司放在第三层。你在对任何东西进行定位之前,必须知道他在头脑子小梯的哪一层上。对于后起步的公司来说,他们想宣传自己,应该怎么办呢,首先知道自己是哪一层的,其次还要学会改进与创新,有着具有很好影响的形象代言,有自己独特的销售主张,还有质量优异的产品。
在“你不能由此及彼”的那一章中,定位则显得尤为重要,就像文中所举出的RCA与当时的龙头老大IBM的竞争,明显RCA并没有明确定位自己,在盲目的竞争中,去追求根本无法达到的目的,这是不可能的,所以最终导致了RCA欠下了无法偿还的巨额债务,所以我们有时并不能很直接的由此及彼,也许可以另辟一条蹊径,然后静待时机的到来。
有时作为行业的领导者来说,可能会更轻松些,因为消费者并不知道去同情落后者,他们更喜欢市场份额占有多且非常流行的商品,喜欢一种人人明白且接受的等级制。如果两个品牌地位相当,过不几年,其中一个很可能会占上风并且在市场上独领风***。对于处于领导地位的公司,总对自己的产品与广告很满意,在对手推出新产品或新广告时,他们往往会嗤之以鼻,其实领导者应该恰恰相反,应该不漏声色,有时这一点是很难做到的,而对于领导者认为自己的企业是很有实力的观点是错误的,事实恰好相反。企业的实力来自产品的实力,来自产品在预期客户头脑里占据的地位。所以一旦其他企业抢走了客户头脑里占据的地位,即使再有实力的企业也没有“实力”很快挽回这个局面,所以对于领导者,就要有敏捷的反应,一旦对手推出了一个十分新颖的概念,管理者就要主动上前迎战,做出有效的拦截行动,可以用多个品牌去拦截对方,每一种品牌都有一个独特的定位,以便在预期客户的头脑里占据一定的位置,年复一年,新产品来来往往,公司不再花气力去改变其定位,层出不穷的新产品代表的是技术的发展和口味的变更。所以说,多品牌战略实际上就是单一地位战略,以不变应万变的战略。更可以用更广泛的名称来拦截你的对手,以达到领先的地位。定位行动的最终目的应当是在某个产品类别里取得领导地位。一旦有了这种领先地位,公司就可以在今后的许多年里放心地享用领先带来的果实了。
对于跟随者的定位,仿效领导者的做法可能会有些用处,但是那是拾人牙慧,不能使自己的产品达到合理的销售目标,所以还不如用仿效别人的时间去改进、提高自己的产品质量,寻找空当,在切合时机的时候实施战略。这些空当,比如作者在文中提到的有:汽车尺寸上的空当、高价上的空当、低价上的空当、工厂空当等等。
但有时也许会找不到空当可钻,所以这是就需要你创建你自己的空当,而对于消费者头脑中已占有竞争者时,我们就要重新定义一个新理念或新产品把那些原有的理念和产品排挤掉,这些观念必须让人们更容易接受并喜欢上,这就需要我们花费大量的时间去制定那个新的观念,也许某个时机忽然成熟,我们把握住了契机,就轻而易举的推翻了消费者头脑中竞争者的陈旧的观念。作者在文中也举了许多重新定位的例子,比如:阿司匹林重新定位、为雷诺克斯重新定位、为美国伏特加重新定位、为“品客”重新定位、为里斯特灵重新定位等等。但作者有提到重新定位是否合法、合乎道德的问题,当然这样的竞争是公平的。
名字在这个定位时代,也是至关重要的,而如何选名字呢?起名字就像开赛车一样,要想取胜,就得抓住机会。你得选择那些近乎通用但又十分通用的名字。如果你一时偏离赛道,进人了通用名称地带,那就随它去了。没有一个赛车世界冠军在最后取得胜利之前不偏离几回赛道的。起一个有分量、近似通用的描述性名字可以防止效仿你的对手挤进你的领地。好名字是长期成功的最好保障。而对于那些没有意义的文字,一般早已先入为主地进入了人们的印象。然而许多名字起得让人感觉不合乎情理,一些坏的、不合适的词语却给人很深刻的印象。在之后的章节里,作者又给我们简单介绍了公司使用简称的原因,并且说明只有公司很有名气时,才能成功地使用简称,是人能够立即想到这个简称就是代表这个公司,所以想要使公司的名字变成让人能够耳熟能详的简称,只有让公司变得成功,在成功之后,公司的名称自然而然地变成了简称,而先前的名字,也许已经少有人知道,或者早已过时,此时的简称,使公司树立起了崭新的现代公司形象,把自己定位到了未来。但是要提醒的是,一定不能对简称太急于求成,否则会有适得其反的结果。对于一个新产品,一定要有它自己的新名字,在管理上会有很大的好处。
有时公司想要图一时的方便或很好的销售结果,往往会把一个现成产品的名字用在一项新的产品上,顺便打了个便车,这就是产品延伸。但是产品延伸到底是好还是不好呢?对于消费者,他们总会最关注市场销售量最大的产品,会期待这一产品以后是否会进步,而不是去了解与名称相同的其他产品,所以效果可能不太显著,由于消费者与生产商看问题的方式完全不同,消费者注重产品的性能,而对生产商来说商品只是他们在公司工作的产物,所以生产商要注意多从消费者的角度来考虑产品的销售。作者又在文章中举出了一些由于错误使用“搭便车”或“产品延伸”的失败例子,让我们真确地衡量了这些方法的利弊作用。之后也直接地给我们讲了产品延伸在哪些情况下可以使用,首先在短期上,它有一定的优势,但在长期上会有不利之处,因为消费者在一开始认可产品延伸品牌之后,会弄不明白到底有没有这样的一个产品,消费者在购买产品时也会对名称所对应的产品类型感到困惑。
作者在之后的篇章中又举出了一些公司定位、国家定位、产品定位、服务定位等的案例,对定位各个环节和一些具有代表的案例都进行了方法说明和详细地分析。而对于银行的定位就有不同之处,金融销售的是服务而不是产品,它是一项区域性服务业务,作者也专门对长岛的一家银行做了定位,就是运用了此书所阐述的方法,先对长岛的银行业市场进行了解、分析,再定位自己在客户头脑中的位置,知道客户到底需要你做什么,然后制定明确的战略与目标。
作者通过对定位的解释与举例说明,向我们展示了一种全新的理念,使我明白:
1、在竞争中不要盲目争排名第一,只要旗鼓相当,总会要机会战胜对手的时候。如果做不了最好,那就做最特别的,给消费者一个特别的印象。
2、不要一味试图改变他人的观念,对于消费者来说,这样的方法可能会花费你太多的精力而没有好的效果,所以要从消费者的角度来制定自己的观念。
3、取个好名字,有一个好的名字,回事企业的将来能有更好的延伸与发展空间。
4、不断玩新花样,推出新品牌,不断巩固自己在消费者中的地位。
5、为自己的人生定位,定好一个目标方向,更好地准备与把握企业与自己的未来。
Therearesomecherriesinthebasket.(一般疑问句,否定回答划线部分提问Kittylikesthebluedress.(用thepinkdress改为选择疑问句Don`tplaywithfires.(换一种说法
Joelikesreading.Dannylikesreadingtoo.(把两句连成一句Pleaseeatsomecakesandbiscuits.(改为否定句划线部分提问Thereissomewaterintheglass.(划线部分提问划线部分提问Whatdayistoday?
What`sthedatetoday?
Whatdoyouusuallydoafterdinner?
Whichpearsdoyouwant,thegreenonesortheyellownoes?Whichwesternholidaydoyoulikebest?Whenisit?
WhatdoyoudoattheLanternFestival?
5B2
Thosebooksareours.(同义句划线部分提问划线部分提问
ThosecrayonsareDanny`s.(.(用Alice改为选择疑问句Arethesetheirschoolbags?(单数句划线部分提问
Theyridetheirbicyclestothepark.(用May改写
Thecocooniswhite.(用browng改为选择问句划线部分提问Heisfouryearsold.(改为一般过去时
Iwasathomeyesterdayevening.(改为一般疑问句
Thecaterpillarslikeeatingleaves.(改为单数句划线部分提问划线部分提问
WhatdoyoueatattheMid-autumnFestival?(根据实际情况回答
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