The Plan of travelling
Class 1 Grade 7 Xia Zeyu
The Origin:Suzhou Jiangsu China
The whither:Singapore
Date of travelling:From 20xx/10/1 To 20xx/10/7
Prepering:
1、Get the passport:Please go to the Exit mechanism is the residence of the Public Security Bureau, and get the Passport application form. Put your photo on, then give them 200 yuan.
2、Get the visa:Take your passport and your ID card to the Singapore Embassy in China.
Start:
Walk into the Sultan Palace,This is Singapore Aboriginal history, culture of record. Here was used to be a palace. But now, here is a museum.
About the Emerald Hill Road. It’s just like Chinatown. You can take a walk and go shopping here. Walk into the Lstana. It’s the home to the president of Singapore. People can be here five times a year. Here are amazing plants.
Walk into the Singapore River. Its the only one river in the Singapore. People here called it "The River of Lifes".
About the Botanic Gardens and the Merlion Park it maybe a little funny.
And the most importance:
Marina Bay Sands
It was called "The most expensive hotel in the world". This hotel spends 4,000,000,000 pounds. It has a swimming pool. Visitors can enjoy the beauty of the city for the top of the building. You can even enjoy the city while you are swimming. It is three times the length of the Olympic swimming pool length, is the world's largest outdoor swimming pool.
Sentosa:
It was called “The most beautiful island”. If you go there, and you’ll like it.
At last, there’s a picture here.
Last year, I went to Guang Zhou in the summer vacation. I felt so excited, it took me about four hours to get there. In the daytime, the air was so stuffy and the sun was so hot, so my friends and I decided to take a rest in the hotel. When the sun almost got down, we started to go on the street, the first thing was to find something to eat. There were so many delicious snacks, we had no idea which to eat, so we planed to eat as much as we could. I found myself couldn’t stop eating, the food was tasted. After we finishing eating, we started to go shopping.Guang Zhou is famous for the foreign trade, its clothes are fashionable and cheap. We went to the shopping street, trying on all kinds of clothes, at last, we bought many clothes. This trip is so unforgettable to me.去年暑假,我去广州旅游。我感到很兴奋,我花了大约四个小时到那里。白天,空气很闷,太阳很大,所以我的朋友和我决定去旅馆休息。当太阳将要下山了,我们开始逛街,第一件事就是找东西吃。街上有很多美味的小吃,我们不知道吃什么好,因此我们计划尽可能多吃。我无法停止下来,食物太美味了。吃完以后,我们开始购物,广州的外贸很出名,衣服时尚,价格便宜。我们去了购物街,试了各种各样的衣服,最后,我们买了很多衣服。这趟旅程对我来说是很难忘的。
8月1日,我们一行人乘坐春秋航班,来到了梦寐以求的海滨城市──青岛。那是一座依山傍水的美丽山城,那里有一望无际的海水浴场,有风景秀丽的崂山,还有精巧别致的红瓦绿树,真不愧为避暑度假的好地方。
我们先来到闻名的“海上名山”的崂山。我们的车行驶在崂山的盘山公路上,窗外群峰耸立,山海相接;山脚下海浪阵阵,波涛滚滚。我感到像到了人间仙境一样,令人心旷神怡。
登山了,我们沿着山路往上爬。不久,一排瀑布骤然出现在眼前,那瀑布就像巨龙飞腾,气势磅礴。这就是著名的“龙潭瀑布”,果真名不虚传,那宏伟的`气势就像“飞流直下三千尺”般壮丽。
第二天,我们来到了海滨浴场冲浪。青岛的海边美丽极了:天是一片蓝玉,海是一块翡翠,远望水天相连,蔚为壮观。我们踩在细软的沙滩上,奔向那向往已久的大海。
大海卷起一层层美丽的浪花,呼啸着向沙滩打来,一眨眼它又逃了回去,就像一群顽皮的孩子打闹着。这时,一个一米多高的大浪拥上来,我赶紧把身体背过去,一浪过去了,我就向前走几步。不一会儿,又一排大浪冲来,我赶紧往回跑……我们在海浪声中相互扑打嬉戏,绿海碧波留下了我们欢乐的笑声,那感觉正是爽极了。
青岛之旅给我留下了深刻的印象,要开学了,我多希望能有一个像去旅游那样快乐的新的开始啊!
In August 1st, we took a spring and autumn flight to the coveted coastal city of Qingdao. It is a beautiful mountain, where there are endless beach, a beautiful scenery of Laoshan, there are exquisite red trees, really is a good place for summer vacation.
We first come to the famous "famous mountain" in Laoshan. We were driving in the Laoshan mountain road, mountain peaks standing outside the window, the sky; at the foot of the mountain waves blowing and billowing waves. I felt like I was in the fairyland of the world, and I was delightful.
Mountaineering, we climbed up the mountain road. Soon, a row falls suddenly appeared in front of the waterfall like dragon soar, of great momentum. This is the famous "Longtan waterfall", the magnificent momentum really wonders, like "waterfalls three thousand feet" magnificent.
On the second day, we came to the beach and surf. The sea of Qingdao very beautiful: the sky is a turquoise sea, is a piece of jade, Yuanwang spectacular water. We stepped in the soft beach, toward the long sea.
The sea rolled up a layer of beautiful waves and whistled to the beach. In the blink of an eye it fled back like a naughty child. At this time, a one meter high waves hold up, I quickly put the body back in the past, a wave of the past, I will walk a few steps forward. In a few moments, another row of waves rushed, and I ran back... We in the sound of the waves in the sea waves play each other furiously, leaving our laughter, the feeling is very good.
The trip to Qingdao left a deep impression on me. To start school, I wish I could have a new start like going to travel.
This summer my sister and I follow my mother to travel to the United States, we went to the three cities and one island, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Las Vegas, and Hawaii.
Hawaii is my favorite, although only two days, but I went to the beach for several times, is the famous waikiki beach, listening to the tour guide said where the sand came from Australia, where the water is clear, the sand is very clean, when I was in the sea waves to see the small fish, I also into base sand castle on the sand beach, made apple mould sand, crabs, bottle gourd, the shape of a fish, I also want to go to the seaside.
In recent years, tourism has been popular and played an important role in our nation’s economic growth. However, I am afraid that if tourism develops over, it will bring harm to the environment and give rise to many problems.
There are a few reasons accounting for my views and I would like to list three of them. One of the examples is that a large number of woods and other plants were replaced by all kinds of accommodation facilities or scenic spots. That definitely breaks the ecological balance of these areas and destroys the natural beauty of the scenic spots. Worse still, more pressure has been placed environment protection in that many tourists left their garbage in the scenic spots. In addition, over-developed tourism will occupy large numbers of farmland and lead to the shortage of the land.
In a word, tourism will be harmful to our environment if it is over development. Thus, I do not advocate that we development tourism without considering the environment. And we should keep the balance between tourism development and environment protection so that we can achieve the sustainable development between our nation’s economy and the environment.
3.1 样本与分析方法
本文选取的五篇英文议论文样本如下:The Real Truth About Lies (Randy Fitzgerald,882 字,选自The World Of English,2001.6); Education ( E.B. White,1021字,选自The Hill Reader,135-155); The Art Of SmartGuessing ( Bryan W. Mattimore,1034 字,选自The World English,2001.2); On The Art OfAdvertising ( Samuel Johnson功能语法,995 字,选自 The Hill Reader,453-455); 以及 The Green Frog Skin(John Lame Deer,1166 字,选自The Hill Reader ,332-334).
笔者依据物质,心理,关系,行为,言语和存在六个过程对每篇文章的分句进行了判定,并为进一步的量化分析计算出各分句所占比例。具体分布情况如下表所示:
物质
过程
心理
过程
关系
过程
行为
过程
言语
过程
存在
过程
总计
篇章1
26
13
32
1
25
4
101
篇章2
35
8
29
7
5
8
92
篇章3
26
9
35
2
1
14
87
篇章4
31
13
24
7
7
82
篇章5
42
13
46
10
7
3
121
总计
160
56
166
20
45
36
483
百分比
33%
11.6%
34.4%
4%
9%
7.5%
主句
16
16
40
2
16
7
97
百分比
16.5%
16.5%
41.2%
2%
16.5%
7.2%
附属从句与嵌入式从句
64
22
36
10
9
13
154
百分比
41.56%
14.3%
23.4%
6.5%
6%
8.4%
3.2 分析结果与探讨
从上表可以看出,韩礼德的六个过程模式在英文议论中呈现不均衡分布。从整体来看,物质过程和关系过程所占比例分别为33%和34.4%。这就意味着在英文议论文中,物质和关系过程占据主体地位,二者总体超过总数的三分之二,而其他四个过程仅占不到三分之一。单从主句来看,关系过程以41.2%的比例占据主导地位,同时,我们可以发现一个非常有趣的现象,即物质,心理,言语过程所占比例均为16.5%。在从句的过程分布比例中,物质过程占41.5%,非常接近关系过程在主句中所占的比重。其次是关系过程,所占百分比为23.4。存在过程在整体分句,主句及从句中的分布比例较为稳定。出现比例最小的为行为过程。
结合小句过程模式的分布比例和议论文的特点,笔者的分析如下:
第一,物质过程是摆事实,讲论据的最佳途径。作为质询和决策的方式之一,议论文应当提供充分有力的证据来引领读者挖掘事件的方方面面。论据通常包括常识,例证,事实,数据,引用等等。有效的论据必须能够清楚直接地证明论点cssci期刊目录。一般情况下,人的行为即为已经发生的无可改变的既成事实,而物质过程作为外部经验的表述恰好使其成为了提供论据最为常用的模式。在议论文中,从句通常扮演着为主句提供事实或数据的角色,由此不难解释为何物质过程在从句中占据绝对比例。例如,在复杂句“advertisements are now so numerous that theyare very negligently perused”中,其从句“they are verynegligently perused,”阐述了主句所引发的事实结果。相反地,主观意见和心理活动的论证说明力远不如事实,这也正是心理过程在议论文中所占比重较小的原因。
第二,关系过程在英文议论文中的显著地位源于其对逻辑关系的阐释。逻辑性对议论文至关重要功能语法,议论文的目的就是通过理性说明来赢得读者的认同,而读者对新观点的认同建立在其已认同的事实和原理的基础之上。因此,从本质上来说,议论文是通过良好的逻辑建立和加强共同与合作意识的过程。换言之,所有能够作为论据的事实和原理都必须相互并与结论有逻辑性地联系在一起,任何逻辑错误或推理失误都可能导致读者对整篇文章论点的怀疑。关系过程,表明一项经验与另一项经验之间的关系,恰好能够清楚地阐释读议论文中的逻辑关系。以代表句型“x is a”为例,x与a之间的逻辑关系并非唯一的。a既可作为某项特征表明x的特性,也可作为指代与x进行互换。简而言之,在关系过程中,主句通常是被从句归纳化或概念化的特征或指代。
第三,在英文议论中,看似表达主观观点与意愿的言语过程同样不可或缺。引用权威的语言,观点,评论或表达都常常作为强有力的事实支撑来赞同或反对某一观点,而无论是直接引用还是间接引用,都必须通过言语过程来体现。
第四,其他过程类型在英文议论文中同样占据一席之地并发挥着举足轻重的作用。对议论文而言,描述,叙述,阐释等写作手法的合理利用与相辅相成无疑是锦上添花。正因如此,六个过程在英文议论文中的不同分布比例恰好是议论文客观,有逻辑,严肃及某种程度上带有一定主观色彩的特点等要求的自然结果。
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