1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
世界上还有什么字眼比“青春”两个字更动人,更富有魅丽?
青春是一轮喷薄而出的朝阳,瑰丽的光芒映照着我们灿烂的脸庞;青春是一曲悦耳动听的音乐,跳跃的音符捉动着我们年轻的心炫。
青春是人生中最美丽的一道风景,是一生中最真切的回忆。它像一幅绚丽的画,光彩夺目;如天上的流星。一闪而过。短暂而美好的青春,标志着成长与未来,记载着掌声与微笑。
“一寸光阴一寸金,寸金难买寸光阴”时间像流水一样飞快地从我身边流走。上初中的一年就过去了,我真的有点舍不得。每当我看到校服的时候,我的脑海里就会浮现出初一上学时的情景,是多么的快乐。其中有一件事最令我印象深刻。你们想知道吗?想知道就跟我来吧。
初一的下个学期,我进了田径队,这既是一件高兴又是一件不开心的事。高心的是我有这样的天份,能够被选中,不开心的是初中有很多知识要学要记,每天又要上很多节课都够辛苦了,放学后还要训练,那不是更辛苦吗?这件事令我一直在烦脑,倒置我的学习越来越差。我想了又想,是时候制定一个学习计划了。早上,早点回课室背书,因为早上是我们记忆最好的上时候,背书是最适合不过的;中午早点回课室看一下课外书;晚修后复习老师所讲过的知识;认真地训练专心听课。没过多久我的计划已经变成了习惯,我的成绩提上来了。但是田径队有时候不去训练,所以体育老师找我谈话了,在谈话中有几句话最令我印象深刻“宝剑锋从磨励出,梅化香自苦寒来”“火越烧越旺,人越干越壮”“玉石越插越闪光。”这几句话一直在我心中激励着我,以后我每天都去了。到学期末的时候,我考了全班第3,400米短跑只用了1分10秒,真是双喜临门。我终于到了什么叫“有一份耕耘,有一份手获”了。
我希望大家永远要记得一句话,它将会掌握着你的人生和未来“汗水换来丰收,勤学取得知识。”
Last Sunday, Jim went out to fly a kite. The kite flew highly in the sky. Jim ran with it happily.
Suddenly the line was broken and the kite flew away. Soon it disappeared. Where was it?
Jim had no idea. So he had to run here and there to look for the kite. At last he saw it on the top of the tree. He tried to get it down. But he couldn’t. He felt sad.
1。 头绪分明,脉络清楚
写好记叙文,首先要头绪分明,脉络清楚,明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析,弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程,然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个“ W ”和一个“ H ”有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这些“ W ”和“ H ”,但动笔之前,围绕五个“ W ”和“ H ”进行构思是必不可少的。
2。 突出中心,详略得当
在文章的框架确定后,对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍,应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,定好详略。要突出重点,详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节,略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化,使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题,也需要一定的技巧。如:
One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children。 They have not eaten for days。" I took some food with me and went。
When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破坏外貌) by hunger。 There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger。
I gave the rice to the mother。 She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice。 When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors — they are hungry also!"
3。 用活语言,准确生动
记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动,又要表现力强,这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动,其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。
原文:
One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away。 He was soon lost among people and traffic。 He could not find the way back home and started crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying。 They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened。 Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived。 The two students decided to take him home。 Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound。 She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didn't take it。 She served them with tea but they left。
修改后:
The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street。 After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home。 But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic。 When he could not find the way home, he started and crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop。 They immediately went up to him。
"Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked。
"I want Mom, I go home。" said the boy, still crying。
"Don't worry, we'll send you home。"
And they spent the next two hours looking for the boy's house。 With the help of a policeman, they finally found it。
When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house。 Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea。
我们的青春就像命运恩赐的一枚青涩的果子,我们迫不及待地塞进嘴里,却酸涩得流下泪来,无可救赎。青春,是一本太仓促的书。
常去的书城,一转角,遇上小学同学的几率是万分之一吧,就那么巧,我碰见了余珉瑶。
我们坐在茶吧里,点了两份奶昔,她放下书包,拿出一本辅导书在写。珉瑶说自己最近在学吉他,“呵,手指头有时都能被弦勒出痕来。”如果是我,我便不会有这毅力,我怕痛。几年前,我报了跆拳道班,只不过试学几天,便直不起腰了,更不用说脚背一阵一阵的生疼,我的跆拳道生涯便在我的哭声中落下帷幕。“只是觉得谭杰希能把吉他弹那么有劲、那么帅,便有了一股学到底的干劲呢。我还年轻,可以多尝试、多追求自己所向往的东西。”珉瑶说道,又拿出了好几本辅导书,她的包还是鼓鼓的。“学习压力重吗?”我疑惑地看着她迅速的填满书上的空白。
“呵。”她的微笑有些僵硬,只是叹了口气,轻描淡写的一句“还好吧。”
直到我们走出茶吧,她终究是说了,“当初曾经说要在一起的朋友,勾勾手说永远的时光,到现在好像有些苍白。”这与学习压力有什么关系?我看向她。“以前背地里说句谁的坏话,朋友的那句‘不跟你好了’好像有些幼稚呢。与现在比,与她们有话掖着比,那些都显得万分珍贵。”我下意识地点头。“没有朋友,一个人在角落里学习,就像平行线永不交集那般孤单……小学的时候,我并未付出多少,却有很多奖状、有好成绩,连上下学都有人陪着……现在想想,当时对那一切的不屑多么可笑!”她摇着头,低下了眼眸,看不出喜怒。“没有老师关注,没有优秀的成绩。突然想挽回曾经那一切,可是再努力也没有收获,于是更着急去付出。可是,可是,遥遥无期的感觉太过痛苦,每日活在痛苦之中,我也变成令人讨厌的人……”于是,我明白,这便是压力了。她不过换了一个角度讲述。
我们去买了很多吃食,在一家店里看见一个男孩子在哭泣,只不过为了一根棒棒糖。我对珉瑶说,“我嫉妒他。”
向大人撒娇的年龄已经过了,赌气和朋友闹别扭的时光不复返了,青春的列车将往何处停靠?
余珉瑶看着我的双眼,笑了。
我望向天空,天上的.浮云那么遥远,那么自由。我渴望是浮云之一。
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