The fox, filled with arrogance, examined the cat from head to feet, and for a long time did not know whether he should give an answer. At last he said, "Oh, you poor beard-licker, you speckled fool, you hungry mouse hunter, what are you thinking? Have you the nerve to ask how I am doing? What do you know? How many tricks do you understand?"
"I understand but one," answered the cat, modestly.
"What kind of a trick is it?" asked the fox.
"When the dogs are chasing me, I can jump into a tree and save myself."
"Is that all?" said the fox. "I am master of a hundred tricks, and in addition to that I have a sackful of cunning. I feel sorry for you. Come with me, and I will teach you how one escapes from the dogs."
Just then a hunter came by with four dogs. The cat jumped nimbly up a tree, and sat down at its top, where the branches and foliage completely hid her.
"Untie your sack, Mr. Fox, untie your sack," the cat shouted to him, but the dogs had already seized him, and were holding him fast.
"Oh, Mr. Fox," shouted the cat. "You and your hundred tricks are left in the lurch. If you been able to climb like I can, you would not have lost your life."
一只猫在森林里遇到一只狐狸,心想:“他又聪明,又丰富,挺受人尊重的。”於是它很友好地和狐狸打招呼:“日安,尊敬的狐狸先生,您好吗?这些日子挺艰难的,您过得怎么样?”
狐狸傲慢地将猫从头到脚地打量了一番,半天拿不定主意是不是该和它说话。最后它说:“哦,你这个倒霉的长着鬍子、满身花纹的傻瓜、饥肠辘辘地追赶老鼠的.傢伙,你会啥?有甚么资格问我过得怎么样?你都学了点甚么本事?”
“我只有一种本领。”猫谦虚地说。
“甚么本领?”狐狸问。
“有人追我的时候,我会爬到树上去藏起来保护自己。”
“就这本事?”狐狸不屑地说,“我掌握了上百种本领,而且还有满口袋计谋。我真觉得你可怜,跟着我吧,我教你怎么从追捕中逃生。”
就在这时,猎人带着四条狗走近了。猫敏捷地窜到一棵树上,在树顶上蹲伏下来,茂密的树叶把它遮挡得严严实实。
“快打开你的计谋口袋,狐狸先生,快打开呀!”猫冲着狐狸喊道。可是猎狗已经将狐狸扑倒咬住了。“哎呀,狐狸先生,”猫喊道,“你的千百种本领就这么给扔掉了!假如你能像我一样爬树就不至於丢了性命了!”
Country Garden and Me
On the way from Panyu City to Shunde City and approaching the conjunction point of both cities, a big advertisement board of the infamous Country Garden will catch your eyes. And on the board, a lovely girl gently holds a little white pigeon.
She looks at everybody with a sweet smile. Who is this girl? Let me tell you later. Country Garden is located at the Beijao town, Shunde City of Guangdong Province. Ten years ago when my Dad and Mom took me as a baby to Guangzhou, it was a wasteland here. But what does this piece of wasteland look like nowadays? Country Garden has been developed and enlarged rapidly on the ground of this land, and a great number of high-quality houses and apartments have been built up within the garden. Over the past decade, other nine country gardens with various unique designs have been erasing around the great city of Guangzhou. The construction and management of several gardens have engaged the devoted contributions from my Dad and Mom.
Country Garden has grown up together with me, and I am one of the witnesses of its growth and development.
凯恩斯是英国著名经济学家,现代宏观经济学的创始人。凯恩斯一生最为著名的就是《就业、利息和货币通论》,该书被公认为20世纪最重要的西方经济学著作。他提出的“有效需求”和“乘数理论”代替了传统的经济理论,获得了经济学界的公认,并被人们称之为“凯恩斯革命”。凯恩斯凭借《就业、利息和货币通论》,不但成为了现代宏观经济学甚至是20世纪西方经济学的开山鼻祖,而且他还能被置身于具有里程碑意义的西方经济学家的行列,能与亚当斯密相提并论。
《通论》的基本内容和基本思想主要有五个方面
所谓有效需求,是指商品的总供给价格和总需求价格达到均衡时的社会总需求。有效需求不足,是因为货币的购买力不足,并由此导致萧条。凯恩斯给出了关系等式:
收入=产品价值=消费+投资
储蓄=收入—消费
因此,储蓄=投资
凯恩斯认为,当就业量增加时,总所得也随之增加。然而社会往往会出现这样一种情况:总的真实所得增加时,总消费量也在增加,但没有所得增加德那么快。这是一个心里法则,无论从人性来看,还是从具体事实来看,这都是毫无疑问的。他详细列举了影响消费倾向的`客观、主观因素。客观因素主要包括:工资单位的改变,所得与净所得差别的改变,在计算所得时没有考虑到资本价值的意外改变,时间贴现率的改变,财政政策的改变等;主观因素则包括:人性的心理特征,社会习俗和社会制度等。
Lion was awakened from sleep by a Mouse running over his face. Rising up in anger, he caught him and was about to kill him, when the Mouse piteously entreated, saying: "If you would only spare my life, I would be sure to repay your kindness." The Lion laughed and let him go.
It happened shortly after this that the Lion was caught by some hunters, who bound him by strong ropes to the ground. The Mouse, recognizing his roar, came up, and gnawed the rope with his teeth, and setting him free, exclaimed: "You ridiculed the idea of my ever being able to help you, not expecting to receive from me any repayment of your favour; but now you know that it is possible for even a Mouse to confer benefits on a Lion."
一只老鼠从一只狮子面前跑过去,将它从梦中吵醒。狮子生气地跳起来,捉住老鼠,要弄死它。老鼠哀求说:「只要你肯饶恕我这条小生命,我将来一定会报答你的大恩。」狮子便笑着放了它。
后来狮子被几个猎人捉住,用粗绳捆绑倒在地上。老鼠听出是狮子的`吼声,走来用牙齿咬断绳索,释放了它,并大声说:「你当时嘲笑我想帮你的忙,而且也不指望我有什么机会报答。但是你现在知道了,就算是小老鼠,也能向狮子效劳的。」
《通论》的核心是就业不均衡理论。凯恩斯认为,经典经济学只承认两个失业范畴:一个是摩擦失业,一个是自愿失业。充分就业理论基于两大前提:
第一,工资等于劳动力之边际生产力;
第二,当就业量不变时,工资效用就等于该就业量的边际负效用。
在古典经济学家眼中,资本主义总是处于充分就业状态,所有愿意从事劳动的人都会就业,只有自愿失业者或者正在转换就业位置的人才会处于失业的状态。
凯恩斯反对萨伊有关供给会创造需求的“萨伊定律”,他认为萨伊忽略了货币这个因素。事实上,供给与需求不一定会平衡。他提出的法则是:储蓄动机与投资动机不同,人们有可能储蓄过多而消费过少,而使得储蓄和投资不一致,从而产生市场需求不足——对消费品、生产资料需求不足,供过于求,最终导致生产过剩的经济危机与失业。
萨伊定律在西方具有很多不同的表达方式,其最简单的一种是“供给会自动创造需求”,意思是说,生产者进行生产,不仅仅是为了满足自己消费,主要是为了拿自己的产品与其它生产者进行交换,以便得到他所需要的其它东西。只要社会上存在着一种供给,就会自动地存在着一种相应的需求。所以,按照萨伊的说法,社会上一切产品都能被卖掉,因此不会出现生产过剩的现象。不仅如此,由于每个生产者都尽量制造出最大数量的产品和别人交换。也就是说,社会不仅没有生产过剩的现象,而且还能使生产达到最高的水平,即达到充分就业状态。
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