1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
导入:
第1段:提出一种现象或某种困难作为议论的话题
正文:
第2段:Many ways can help to solve this serious problem, but the following may be most effective. First of all... Another way to solve the problem is ... Finally...(列出2~3个解决此类问题的办法
结论:
第3段:These are not the best but the only two/ three measures we can take. But it should be noted that we should take action to...(强调解决此类问题的根本方法
Last Sunday, Jim went out to fly a kite. The kite flew highly in the sky. Jim ran with it happily.
Suddenly the line was broken and the kite flew away. Soon it disappeared. Where was it?
Jim had no idea. So he had to run here and there to look for the kite. At last he saw it on the top of the tree. He tried to get it down. But he couldn’t. He felt sad.
今天我们来到了美丽的内蒙古大草原。
大草原真绿啊,绿的仿佛是一块闪闪发光的绿宝石;大草原真静啊,静得可以让你听到牛羊的叫声;大草原真大啊,大的让你找不到边际。
近看,野花野草铺在脚下,其中有许多不知名的昆虫从中跳蹿出来,有些还带着“咔嚓咔嚓”的声响。长长的野草似乎在用它们“锋利”的草片刺扎着我们这些不速之客的腿脚,微微有些痒痒的感觉。野草堆中不时有些晒***马牛粪便,有时不留神踩在上面,硬硬的。
极目远眺,一片连绵起伏高大的绿山,望不到边。这些山与天相连,犹如一幅水墨画。白蘑菇般的蒙古包点缀在绿茵如毯的草原上,格外醒目。成群的牛羊像朵朵棉花镶嵌在草地上,让我们体会到了诗人笔下的“天苍苍,野茫茫,风吹草低见牛羊”的情景。
仰视,几朵白云缓缓地飘过蔚蓝的天空。白云有像马儿在天上奔跑着;有像鸟儿在天上自由飞翔着;有像棉花糖的,似乎在故意吸引我们味口。而那些分散开来的几朵小云则像几只与羊群分散的小羊,盲目地追随着其它羊群。
再次低看,我已置身于花海之中,各种花香扑鼻而来。蜜蜂仍在辛勤地采蜜。
张开双臂,闭目,贪婪地深吸一口气,我已陶醉于大自然之美中。美丽的蓝天白云,宽广的绿色草原,洁白的羊群,形成一道美丽的风景线。而我,也已成为大自然的一员。
翻开日历本,九月十号被红红的颜色描绘着.教师节马上就要到了,每到这个时候,同学们都会向新的老师送上贺卡.鲜花和祝福.我在小学,每到教师节我都会送给老师们一张贺卡,上面写着我真诚地祝福,祝愿老师工作顺利,万事如意什么的.每次我来到办公事,看见老师们的桌上总是放着许许多多的卡片,这是学生对老师的一份心意
想来老师也真是辛苦,在我们不懂事时就教育我们要学会做人,那时的我们怎么可能懂这些,不好好听老师的话,总是调皮捣蛋,惹老师生气,每次教育好我们后,我们又会犯下同样地错误,老师又不厌其烦的教育我们,因为他知道在这时候,孩子就像一棵小小的树苗,如果不纠正,小树就会一天天长歪,最后被人放弃,纠正暸以后,小树就会茁长成长,成为一颗参天大树,成为有用之才.所以他总是耐着性子和我们沟通,进行教育,我们却总是觉得他烦,全然不知他这样做都是为了我们好
现在我长大了发明白老师真的很伟大,我们上学,老师不仅仅就教给我们课本上的知识,而是把人生的真谛也教给暸我们.在路上捡起一张纸片,在车上起身让座,一个细微的动作,都可能包含着老师含辛茹苦的教诲
师恩是一盏的灯,拨去我们心中的乌云,古往今来,尊师爱师的人数不胜数,像大雪之中等待老师醒来的时候,;功成名就之后,不忘感激老师的居里夫人;访美时,不望去探望老师的江***……这些名人都知道感恩老师,我们又有什么理由不去感恩老师呢?
岁月虽磨去了您的青春美貌,可您是我们心中永远的爱神,美神;辛劳虽夺走了您美妙的歌喉,可您的每句话都是我们心中的金音绝韵。您给予我们激励,当我们碰到难题时,您给我们耐心讲解,教给我们做人的道理,教给我们科学文化知识,教给我们打开成功之门的钥匙。正如古人云“一日为师,终生为父”。
师恩难忘!难忘师恩!您的谆谆教诲我们永远忘不了。再华丽,再美妙的语言也赞颂不完您的功德。
感谢师恩,对师恩最好的报答,就是努力学习、天天向上,把自己培养成德、智、体全面发展的高素质接班人,为了祖国,为了父母,为了老师,我们要成为一个理想远大道德高尚的新时代中学生。
导入:
第1段:提出一种现象或某个决定作为议论的话题
As a student, I am strongly in favour of the decision. (亮明自己的观点是赞成还是反对
The reasons for this may be listed as follows. (过渡句,承上启下
正文:
第2段:First of all... Secondly... Besides...(列出2~3个赞成或反对的`理由
结论:
第3段:In conclusion, I believe that... (照应第1段,构成"总—分—总"结构
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