1。Whereas
该词意为:considering that, “鉴于”,“就(而论”,常用于合同协议书的开头段落以引出合同双方订立合同的理由或依据。如:Whereas Party A desires to use the Patented Technology of Party B to manufacture and sell the Contract Products……鉴于甲方希望利用乙方的专利技术制造并销售合同产品。
2。Whereby
该词意为:by the agreement, by the following terms and conditions,“凭此协议”,“凭此条款”,常用于合同协议书中以引出合同当事人应承担的主要合同义务。如:
A sales contract refers to a contract whereby the seller transfers the ownership of an object to the buyer and the buyer pays the price for the object。 句中a contract whereby the seller transfers……意为:a contract by which the seller transfers……
以上是对外经贸合同英语中几个典型旧体词用词方面的重要的特点,笔者希望初涉外经贸合同的教师和学生予以留意,有针对性地学习,达到事半功倍的效果;也希望进行外贸合同写作时也能把握住这几个特点,写出好的外经贸合同,顺利地进行外贸业务往来。
1。hereby
该词意为by means of , by reason of this, by this agreement,“特此”,“因此”,“兹”,“在此”。此词常用作法律、经贸文件、合同、协议书等正式文件的开头语,在合同条款中需特别强调时也可用,表示当事人借此合约,要宣示某种具有法律效力的“意思表示”,如保证、同意、放弃权利等,一般放于主语后,紧邻主语。如:The Company hereby covenants and warrants that…… 意为:By this agreement the Company covenants and warrants that……即:公司在此保证……再如:Both parties hereby agree that……意为:By this agreement both parties agree that……即:双方当事人在此同意……
2。hereof
该词意为:of this agreement,“关于此点”;“在本文件中”,表示上文已提及的“本合同的、本文件的……”,一般置于要修饰的名词的后面,与之紧邻。如:to take effect on the date hereof 意为:to take effect on the date of this agreement 即:于本合约之日期生效。再如:the headings of the sections hereof 意为:the headings of the sections of this agreement 即:本合约各条款之标题。
3。hereto
该词意为:to this agreement,“至此”,“在此”,表示上文已提及的“本合同的……本文件的……”,一般置于要修饰的`名词的后面,与之紧邻。如:both parties hereto 意为both parties to this agreement,即本合约之当事人双方;items specified in Attachment I and hereto 意为:items specified in Attachment I to this agreement 即:本合约之附件I所列之各项。
4。herein
该词意为:in this agreement,“此中”,“于此”,表示上文已提及的“本合同(中)的……,本法(中)的……”等,一般置于所修饰词后,紧邻所修饰词。如:to file a suit in the court agreed to herein 意为:to file a suit in the court agreed to in this agreement 即:向当事人于本合约中同意管辖的法院提起诉讼;再如:to follow the terms and conditions herein 意为:to follow the terms and conditions in this agreement,即:遵守本合约所规定的条件。
5。hereinafter
该词意为:later in the same Contract,“以下”,“在下文”,一般与to be referred to as, referred to as, called 等词组连用,以避免重复。
6。hereunder
该词意为:under this agreement,“在本合约内”、“依据本合约”。如:obligations hereunder,意为obligations under this agreement,即“本合约内的义务”。再如:rights granted hereunder,意为rights granted under this agreement,即“依本合约所赋予的权利”。
Is it good for students to do some housework? Some people think students need not do any housework. They think the only thing students need do is to study well. I don’t think so. It is good for students to do some housework for three reasons. Firstly, to do some housework can make you independent. You can’t depend on others all your life.So you should learn to do some housework now. Secondly, to do some housework can keep you healthy and strong , some hard housework can be regarded as a kind of physical exercise. Finally, to do some housework can share your parents’ work .They must be happy if you say” Have a rest , and I will do the housework”So I think it is good for students to do some housework.
做家务对学生们有好处吗?有些人认为学生们不需要做家务。他们认为学生们唯一需要做的就是好好学习。我想没有。做家务对学生们有好处,原因有三。首先,做家务可以让你独立。你不能一辈子依赖别人,所以你现在应该学会做家务。第二,做一些家务可以使你保持健康和强壮,一些艰苦的家务劳动可以被看作是一种体育锻炼。最后,做一些家务可以分担你父母的工作,如果你说“休息一下,我会做家务,”他们一定很高兴,所以我认为做家务对学生们有好处。
昨晚妈妈又不开心了,因为我的家庭作业一直磨磨蹭蹭,外婆都已烧好晚饭开吃了我还没完成一样作业。其实我也很急,但我的.注意力老被别的东西吸引走。一会儿看看IPAD充电了没有,一会儿看看养的凤仙花和蚕宝宝有没有发生变化了,就连手中的自动铅笔也能玩上很长时间。晚饭时妈妈的脸阴云密布,我的心呯呯直跳,我暗暗下定决心,明天开始我一定要加快速度专心做作业不惹妈妈生气了。
今晚放学回家,我顾不上喝一口水立马打开书包专心致志地做起了作业,连爸爸喊我吃晚饭了都没听到。这不,晚饭前我就把作业全部顺利完成了。餐桌上,妈妈的脸灿若云霞,妈妈还开心地告诉我:“儿子,今天开始你拖拉的毛病改正了,周末奖励你吃牛排大餐,另加四大名著一套!”我的心里美滋滋的,心想:不做小蜗牛,好处还真多呀!
成名后由于各种社会制度体系的制约和环境的约束,迫使其放弃了研究专业的机会,最终导致专而不精。
1。thereof
以”there”为前缀加上介词构成的词,如thereafter, thereby, therein, thereinafter, thereinbefore, thereon, thereof, thereunder, thereupon, therewith等,在文中具体指什么,需要读者依照合同的上下文来判断,因而理解起来比较复杂,请看下例:
This Agreement is written in the English language。 In case of any discrepancy between the English version and any translation thereof, the English text shall govern。 句中”the English version and any translation thereof”从上下文判断意为 “the English version and any translation of the English version”,即thereof一词代替of the English version。与以here开头的词如hereof的理解方法类似。
2。therein
该词意为in that, in that particular
context, in that respect,“在那里”,“在那点上”,“在那方面”,表示上文已提及的“合同中的”“工程中的”。如:the contract or any part thereof意为the contract or any part of the contract,合同或合同的任何部分。
3。thereto
该词意为:to that,“随附”,“附之”,如:“Contract Products” means the products specified in Appendix 2 to this Contract, together with all improvements and modifications thereof or developments with respect thereto。 句中or developments with respect thereto 意为:or developments with respect to the developments。
4。thereunder
该词意为:under that, “在其下”,“依照”,如:The Borrower fails to pay any amount payable thereunder as and when such amount shall become payable。 句中any amount payable thereunder意为any amount payable under the contract。
After dinner, my first job was to get the dirty dishes to the kitchen. Then I began to wash them. I turned on the tap and water covered all the dishes in the sink. Then I added some detergent to the water. Maybe I put too much, so it was full of bubbles in the sink. It was just like a bubble bath for dishes and bowls. I caught a bowl to wash. It was slippery. "Pang!" The bowl slipped from my fingers. It dropped into the sink and broke another bowl and a dish. It was terrible! There was only one dish left.In the end, my mother cleared the pieces and helped me clean the dishes. I think I'll do a better job next time.
晚饭后,我的.第一份工作是把脏盘子拿到厨房去。然后我就开始洗碗。我打开水龙头,水覆盖了放在水槽里所有的盘子,然后我放了一些洗洁精到水里,也许我放太多了,水槽里充满了泡沫,就像是盘子和碗的泡沫浴。我拿住一个碗去洗。很滑。“砰”碗从我的手指滑落。它掉进水槽里把另一个碗和盘子打破了。这真是太可怕了。只剩下一个盘子了。最后,我妈妈清理残局并帮我洗盘子。我想下次我会做的更好的。
I did a survey recently about doing housework among my friends to see people's attitude about it.The result is that most of them are tired of housework .
I feel so amazing,because I think doing housework is very interesting,it makes youth more independent ,it means that we are not relay on our parents any more.And it also help us to get on well with our parents,we'll have more topics with them.Then we'll find communicate with our parents isn't hard.
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