to prevent H7N9 we should know some common sense. First of all, it is important for us to prevent H7N9 from ourselves. For example, clean our hands frequently.
Sencondly, do more exercises. Such as running. Lastly, change our diet to keep balence. For example, eat more types of vegetables and drink more water
To see a world in a grain of sand,
And a heaven in a wild flower,
Hold infinity in the palm of your hand,
And eternity in an hour.
一沙一世界,
一花一天堂,
手中即无限,
永恒亦短暂。
一、准确性。说明文以传授知识为目的,这就要求它必须用准确的语言如实地反映事物的特征、本质、规律。说明文要介绍客观事物,介绍科技知识,“准确”是至关重要的。
1.表示时间、空间、程度范围的词要准确无误,对事物进行的说明要客观。“基本上”“大约”“左右”“在当时”“比较”“大多数”“几乎”“许多”“可能”等词的准确运用,能帮助我们准确地说明事物或事理。准确,就是恰如其分地说明事物的面貌、状态、性质、特点、变化、规律等,不夸大,不缩小,不走样,不遗漏。对待事物考生要有实事求是的科学态度。如达尔文在《〈物种起源〉导言》一文中有这样一句话:“虽然许多事实现在还是不清楚,而且在未来长期内也还弄不清楚,但是我们经过了精细的研究和冷静的判断,可以毫不怀疑地断言创造论的错误。”一方面说明自己否定创造论的科学精神,另一方面又承认还有许多未知事物,这种表述是实事求是的,因而也是准确明白的.。
2.要准确地说明事物,就要正确地运用和解说概念。无论是下定义,还是作解释,都要表达得严密无误。如“图书目录简称书目,是一种记录书名著者出版情况和收藏情况,按照一定的顺序编排,供人们查找的工具书”,这个定义,对书目的性质、内容、编排、用途等本质特征进行了准确的概括,这几项去掉任何一项都不行。如只说书目是一种工具书,它与《辞源》等工具书就没有区别;不说“供人们查找”,就无法与供人们阅读的一般书籍区分了。
3.为了准确地说明事物,考生还要特别注意词句的锤炼和修饰语的恰当运用。如:“我国石拱桥的设计施工有优良传统,建成的桥,用料省,结构巧,强度高。”后面三个排比短语,准确地揭示了我国石拱桥建筑的特征和优点,句式整齐,用词精当。修饰语对说明的对象进行限制,能使事物的特征鲜明地突现出来,使作者的解说更有分寸,合乎实际。
二、条理性。任何事物都具有它本身的条理,考生说明事物就要按照它本身的条理来安排说明顺序,使之眉目清楚,有条不紊。说明文的条理性主要体现在说明的顺序上。常见的说明顺序有时间顺序、空间顺序和逻辑顺序。
1.时间顺序。即按照事理发展过程的先后来介绍某一事物的说明顺序。凡是事物的发展变化都离不开时间,如说明生产技术、产品制作、工作方法、历史发展、文字演变、人物成长、动植物生长等等,都应以时间为序。2.空间顺序。即按照事物空间存在的方式,或从外到内,或从上到下,或从整体到局部来加以介绍,这种说明顺序有利于全面说明事物各方面的特征。一般说明某一静态实体(如建筑物等),常用这种顺序。3.逻辑顺序。即按照事物、事理的内在逻辑关系,或由个别到一般,或由具体到抽象,或由主要到次要,或由现象到本质,或由原因到结果,递进,或概括到具体,或特点到用途,或由整体到局部一一介绍说明。不管是实体的事物,如山川、江河、花草、树木、器物等,还是抽象的事理,如思想、观点、概念、原理、技术等,都适于以逻辑顺序来说明。
这几种说明顺序并不是截然分开的,常常是综合运用,只是以哪种说明顺序为主罢了。在考虑运用何各说明顺序时,既要注意客观事物本身的特点,又要遵循人们认识事物的规律。只有合理地运用说明顺序,才能使说明文的写作完成得更好。
三、趣味性。叶圣陶先生说:“说明文不一定就是板起面孔来说话,说明文未尝不可带一点风趣。”为了把事物的特点说得更加生动形象,增强文章的启发性和感染力,说明文要适当地采用生动的说明。
1.首先,插入趣文。说明文一般来讲是比较枯燥的,考生在写作的过程中插入神话、传说和故事等,不但可以增强说明语言的生动性,还能激发读者的阅读兴趣。如《死海不死》一文,在说明死海海水的浮力很大时,穿***古罗马元帅处决俘虏,两次将奴隶投入海中却不沉的传说;在说明死海的成因时,又插入了鲁特妻子变成石人的神话。通过这些有趣的段落,既帮助读者加深了对死海的了解,又使文章变得形象生动、活泼多姿。
2.引用诗文。即在说明的过程中,有机地引用诗文、谜语、歇后语、成语、俗语或者歌词等,以增强说明语言的趣味性。如《南州六月荔枝丹》一文的题目就是出自明代陈辉的《荔枝》一诗,作者引此诗句作题目,可以让读者见题而知荔枝的产地、成熟期和颜色,更给文章增加了诗意,具有文学色彩。茅以升的《中国石拱桥》中说明赵州桥和卢沟桥的特征时,就引用了许多赞语。既有我国诗人对桥赞美的诗句,又有外国名家对桥评价的。通过多方引用,从不同方面、不同角度对我国的石拱桥给予了形象生动的说明。
说明文的语言还包括简洁性、科学性、严密性等。考生在写作时,要灵活把握,恰当运用,积极思索,选取与文章相适合的特点,一定能写出优秀的考场。
Nowadays, many famous university campuses have become one of the popular tourist attractions. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that every year thousands and thousands of middle school students visit Tsing Hua University and Peking University and other famous universities in China. In the place far away from the capital city, the local students also visit the universities famous in their own province.
So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to open the university campus for tourists? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing for the students to visit the famous university campus in that it can enable the middle students to get more information about the university and they can have enough time and opportunity to prepare themselves with the chance to get into the university. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, the public tourism will have negative effect on the universities because it will not only do harm to the environment but also to the intellectual atmosphere.
In my opinion, the tourism to the universities is not a good thing. The campus is mainly a place for study. With the increasing tourism on the campus, it will ruin the spiritual atmosphere in this learning field.
首先,提纯范文 “谋篇布局”及结构模板。
第一段:提出问题或现象。Nowadays, … … have become one of the popular … …. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that … ….
第二段:正反列举人们的看法。So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to … …? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing for … … in that … …. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, … … will have negative effect on … … because it will not only do harm to … … but also to … ….
第三段:摆明自己观点。In my opinion, … … is not a good thing. … … With the increasing … …, it will ruin … ….
其次,提纯范文“段落写作”。
段落写作分为统一性,连贯性和完整性三方面。
统一性(unity:段落开头的主题句应该做到不可太宽泛,也不可太具体,做到有较强的概括性才能使下文做到有的放矢的展开。范文第二段首句以设问的方式提出一个问题is it a good or bad thing就有很强的概况性。下文自然会一方面从好的方面说明,另一方面从坏的方面说明。
连贯性(coherence:关联词是使文章段落之间相互连贯的必要条件。范文中nowadays, on one hand, on the other hand, in one’s opinion即以“启承转合”递进的顺序是文章条理清晰,层层展开。
完整性(completeness:以设问句“So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to open the university campus for tourists?”开头,这是平时较少运用的段落写作方式——设问法。“On one hand … …. On the other hand, … ….”是段落写作分类列举法的典型用法。
再次,提纯范文“句子写作”。
1. It has been shown that … …
类似句型:It is known to us that … …
It is said that … …
It is reported that … …
It is controversial that … …
2. “… … Tsing Hua University and Peking University and other famous universities … …。”——并列句。并列句是简单的复杂句。但其运用方法并不简单,注意练习并接句的使用,会使句子显的更加饱满。
3. enable v. 使…能够
I gave him full directions to enable him to find the house.
4. in that = because
表“因为”的连词还有since, for, as,如:
The boy was absent because he was ill. = The boy was absent since he was ill.
此句以我们常用的人称开头,句式简单,我们可以通过把since提前改变句式,如:
Since the boy was ill, he was absent. 句式多样化。
最后,提纯范文“措辞”。
1. attraction n. 具有吸引力的事情。
2. thousands and thousands 成千上万的
形容“多”的表达方法:millions and millions
a multitude of
a great deal of
a large amount of
plenty of
many a
3. “some people argued that … …”中的“argue”并不是“讨论,辩论”的意思,而是“认为”。
I argue that … …
I maintain that … …
I claim that … …
I insist that … … = I think that … …
I hold that … …
I assert that … …
I assume that … …
4. negative adj. 否定的.,相反的
hold negative view = hold opposite opinions
5. phenomenon n. 现象
social phenomenon 社会现象
natural phenomenon 自然现象
6. intellectual adj. 聪明的= intelligent, bright, clever
(选词策略:使用最近所学的单词,如intellectual > intelligent > bright > clever
在分析并掌握范文之后,我们需要运用范文知识练习仿写。笔者运用2005年12月范文中的模板结构仿写了2006年12月的四级作文,以供参考:
1. 许多人喜欢在除夕夜看春节晚会
2. 但有些人提出取消春节晚会
3. 我的看法
Nowadays, the Spring Festival Evening has become one of the popular topic and attractions during every traditional New Year’s Eve. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that every year thousands and thousands of Chinese people appear to be accustomed to enjoying the sights and sounds of a brilliant feast, while gathering with their beloved family.
However, an increasing number of people have voiced different opinions towards it. So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to cancel the Spring Festival Evening? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing to amuse the audience in that it is composed by a numerous adequate programs, such as the emotional song, the graceful dance, the funny short sketch, the amusing comic dialogue, the delightful magic, and the marvelous acrobatics and so on. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, the Spring Festival Evening will have negative effect on the family harmony because it will not only do harm to having the talks between family members on the Spring Festival Eve but also to enjoying the gourmet meal in a fancy restaurant.
In my opinion, the Spring Festival Evening is a good thing. It may not remain a must for all people, but it can bring us a strong sense of festivity and serve as an alternative among the variety of holiday activities. With the increasing audience of the Spring Festival Evening, it will ruin a distinctive culture during the Spring Festival vacation.
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