(1)决策制定和管理型组织;
(2)决策的事实要素与价值要素;
(3)管理行为中的理性;
(4)组织的均衡;
(5)权威的角色;
(6)沟通;
(7)效率准则忠诚与组织认同;
(8)组织的剖析
初读此书,觉得内容很多而且有些理论不是很好理解,但是作者都能用很生动的例子解释其中的道理,所以读完此书让我大概知道了其中的道理,让我印象最深的就是其中对于决策的分析,那我就来谈谈自己的一些体会。
决策是本书所论述的中心内容,在前言中西蒙就有说"决策与管理几乎是同义的""决策行为是管理的核心;管理理论的词汇必须从人类抉择的逻辑学和心理学中导出"可见一开始西蒙就定下了全书的基调即是管理就是决策。决策在管理为什么那么重要呢?其实很好理解,管理者的一个决策的好坏往往决定了一个企业的命运。例如:60年代福特汽车的经理爱奥酷卡认为公司新车的发展方向要进军青年人市场,因此设计符合美国年轻人的风格,从而使公司大获成功。而与之相反的是最近的日本丰田公司大量召回问题汽车严重亏损的案例,是因为之前其经理过度的成本控制决策,虽然前期使公司获利,但是为车子质量问题埋下了严重隐患,导致现在问题爆发。因此可见决策的重要性。
那么究竟如何作决策才能成为优秀的管理者呢?书中提到了很多,我对于其中三个方面很认同而且很受启发。
首先是作者提到了有限理性这个观点,对此,西蒙的研究中有一个著名的"蚂蚁"比喻:一只蚂蚁在海边布满大大小小的石块的沙滩上爬行,蚂蚁爬行所留下的曲曲折折的轨迹,绝不表示蚂蚁认知能力的复杂性,而只表示着海岸的复杂性。蚂蚁因为其视野的有限因此遇到石头障碍物只能绕行。与之类似的,人们的认知也是带有局限性的,而且人们永远无法达到毫无错误,十全十美的认知真理的程度,就连获得多个博士学位的西蒙自己也承认还有很多东西不了解,因此人们的决策也不可能做到绝对完美。所以我认为人们在做决策时就不要认为能完美无瑕,而要会取舍选择最优的方案。而与此同时,人们的知识结构水平越高,所作出的决策就越合理,因此不断学习提高知识水平有助于人们作出合理决策。
其次,第二个方面是提到了作决策时的两个重要的要素,即事实要素和价值要素。事实要素是对环境及环境的作用方式的某种描述。价值要素是关于管理者对某种事物喜好的表示,表明对该事物的某种判断。简单来说就是价值要素是决策要达到的目标,事实要素是决策的手段。西蒙对这两要素提出了很新颖的方法论,他多次强调:"不应把决策本身看成不可分解的单位",就是认为决策不应该是孤立的而应该是有联系的,即当一个决策的目标达成了可以转化成下一个决策手段从而为下一个目标的实现服务。我认为这是一种很好的方法,俗话说的好,"一口吃不下一个胖子"当我们遇到很复杂难以决策的问题的时候,不妨划分为若干小决策,循序渐进一个个逐层攻破。
第三个方面作者提到了程序性决策和非程序性决策。所谓程序性决策就是拥有固定思维模式的决策,经过多次实践对应于相应的问题形成的解决方法,简单的说就是一种经验。作者认为决策者有意识的培养自己的程序性决策是很重要的,因为这样可以省去很多思考的时间而且往往是最有效的方法。作者自己也举了亲身的例子,他小时候很喜欢下象棋可是之前一直下的不好,后来他有意识的去研究和记了第20步象的几种不同走法并应用自如屡试不爽,击败了众多高手。像他一样其实象棋大师脑子里存有数以万计的棋谱,对手的每一步棋都有相应的对策,让他们才能在比赛中游刃有余。然而非程序性决策同样重要,这主要是指个人随机应变的能力,有句话说的好,"计划永远没有变化快"能在没有前人经验的基础上随机应变做出创造性决策同样也是对管理者的考验。因此这两种决策能力都是平时应注意培养的。
本书对于管理的理论真的非常丰富,我只是选了其中的一些来谈了自己微薄的观点,书中还有很多东西值得我继续去学习和研究。不过真的很感谢这本书,它教会了我很多东西,让我知道了"管理就是决策"的意义,让我受益匪浅。
近期读了周三多和陈传明和撰的《管理型——原理和方法》,对于企业管理中的创新讲述的鞭辟入里,遂颇有感慨的写下了读后感。
创新是以新思维、新发明和新描述为特征的一种概念化过程。起源于拉丁语,它原意有三层含义,第一,更新;第二,创造新的东西;第三,改变。创新是人类特有的认识能力和实践能力,是人类主观能动性的高级表现形式,是推动民族进步和社会发展的不竭动力。一个民族要想走在时代前列,就一刻也不能停止创新。一个企业要想在激烈的竞争中立于不败之地,就必须坚持把创新作为管理的核心职能,甚至把创新视作管理的灵魂。
创新,在企业的管理中有着不容小觑的作用。由于知识经济的.发展,信息技术的广泛运用,极大地加速了知识的生成与发展过程,从而引导着企业组织的创新,影响着企业组织的变革。
1) Many nations have been faced with the problem of ……
2) Recently the problem has been brought into focus.
3) Recently the phenomenon has become a heated topic.
4) Recently the issue has aroused great concern among ……
5) Nowadays there is a growing concern over ……
6) Never in our history has the idea that …… been so popular.
7) Faced with ……, quite a few people argue that ……
8) According to a recent survey, ……
9) With the rapid development of ……,
10 When it comes to…, (当说到…
二、列举观点
I.Some people think/believe that…,
Other argue/claim that the opposite/reverse is true
1.Obviously television has both advantages and disadvantages.
2.Living in a city has both advantages and disadvantages.
3.Compared with cars,bikes have their advantages and disadvantages. ,
4.Although computers bring people a lot of convenience,they have many disadvantages.
5....has many advantages.For example,…
6. However,just as every coin has two sides,…has it’s disadvantages.
II…play(san important role/part in……
1.Computers play an important role in science and technology.
2.Computers play a more and more important role in our life.
3.Computers play an increasingly important role in our studies.
4.Education plays an important part in developing our mind.
5.Addiction to alcohol and drugs plays a role in homelessness.
6.Advertisement plays an informative role in our daily life.
7.In the past,letters played a decisive role in long-distance communication.But now,telephone,email,and fax have taken their place.
III.With the development of…
1.With the development of our economy,many Chinese families can afford a car.
2.With the development of our economy and society,pollution is more and more serious.
3.With the rapid development of Science and technology,people can get a college degree by taking online-courses at home.
4.With the current social and technological developments,employees with more knowledge and higher academic degrees are needed.
5.With the rapid increase of China's population,housing problem is becoming more and more serious.
6.With more and more women entering the society,people's attitude towards women is changing.
7.With the deepening of Chinese reform and opening up, an increasing number of (a growing number of,a significant number of
families can afford a car.
三、陈述自己观点
There is probably some truth in both arguments/statements,but…
四、批驳
1)It is true that ……, but one vital point is being left out.
2) There is a grain of truth in these statements, but they ignore a more important fact.
3) Some people say ……, but it does not hold water.
4) Many of us have been under the illusion that……
5) A close examination would reveal how ridiculous the statement is.
6) It makes no sense to argue for ……
7) Too much stress placed on …… may lead to ……
8) Such a statement mainly rests on the assumption that ……
9) Contrary to what is widely accepted, I maintain that ……
10) No one can deny the fact that ……
11) The idea is hardly supported by facts.
12) Unfortunately, none of the available data shows ……
13) Recent studies indicate that ……
14) There is sufficient evidence to show that ……
15) According to statistics proved by ……, it can be seen that ……
五、结尾句型 :
英语议论文多以简要总结全文或对所讨沦的问题提出解决办法来结尾。总结全文时除常用到in one/a word,generally speaking,to conclude等外,没有固定模式。提出解决办法时却常使用下一句型:
1) From what has been discussed above, we can draw the conclusion that ……
2) It is high time that strict measures were taken to stop ……
3). We should take measures to control the rapidly increasing world population.
4). We’d better take effective measures to prevent students from cheating on exams.
5). The government decided to take strong measures against drug abuse.
6). Urgent measures should be taken to prevent terrorists from carrying out further attacks.
7) It is necessary that steps should be taken to ……
8) In conclusion, it is imperative that ……
9) There is no easy method, but ……might be of some help.
10) To solve the above-mentioned problem, we must ……
11) In summary, if we continue to ignore the above-mentioned issue, more problems will crop up.
12) With the efforts of all parts concerned, the problem will be solved thoroughly.
13) We might do more than identify the cause ; it is important to take actions to ……
14) Taking all these into account, we ……
15) Whether it is good or not /positive or negative, one thing is certain/clear……
六、其他句型
I、There be结构
There+be+主语+(修饰成分,表示客观存在的'人或事物。 There must be a lot of fuel in the tank.
There remains nothing more to be done.
There is no point in talking about it again.
There is something you don't know.
There is not enough time to do the work. .
II、名词化结构
名词化结构用以表明抽象思维的逻辑性和概念化,从而使语体更加正式、更加具有书面语风格。
1.由of连接主谓关系
That the earth revolves around the sun causes the changes of the seasons.
名词化:The revolution of the earth around the sun causes the changes of the seasons.
2.由0f连接动宾关系
One of the most important natural phenomena is that energy is transmitted from one point to another in waves.
名词化:One of the most important natural phenomena is the transmission of energy from one point to another in waves.
3.用of连接含有by的短语,把简单句转换成名词短语
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