阅读是英语教学中的重要环节,提高学生阅读理解能力也一直是英语教学的重要目标。阅读理解是一种复杂的认知心理过程,它要求学生利用已经掌握的阅读方法技能,领会作者通过语言符号表达的信息,从而达到与作者进行思想交流的目的。我在日常教学实践中不断总结,分析影响阅读理解的因素,并在此基础上总结应对方法。
影响阅读理解的因素很多,在这一认知活动中,学生的语言基础、学习方法、文化背景知识、阅读习惯、智力水平、兴趣爱好和个性特征等都是影响阅读理解的因素。语言知识包括词汇、语法、语篇等不同层次,是理解语言的基础。要教给学生在阅读时不能一个词一个词地理解,有效的阅读,应该更多地关注关键词和语意群。背景知识是影响阅读理解的另一个重要因素。学生的已有知识、经历、概括能力、理解模式、情感、情绪以及其他种种非智力因素构成了学生的认知模式,这些因素相互影响,从而使学生在阅读理解能力方面存在着差异。我们教师就要通过有效教学逐渐缩小这种差距,我在教学中总结出以下几点体会:
传统的教学模式一直把重点放在词汇意义上,课文常常被看作是用来教给学生词汇及其用法的,读文章就是为了记住所有的单词、词组以及语法结构,结果学生形成了在阅读中一个个词、一句句话读的习惯。这很大程度上影响了学生的阅读效率,老师需要做的就是要改变这种状况,帮助学生养成良好的阅读习惯。
首先,使学生不要过多地关注每个单词的词义,而是要引导学生识别意群和关键信息。这样,在阅读中,他们才能读得很快,更好地记住关键的信息。老师可以教学生练习划分意群或拿一些已经划出意群的短文给学生读,关于基本句型的知识也可以帮助学生更好地把握长难句中的重要信息。英语基本句型的知识在高中开始阶段应教给学生,并在平时的教学中反复强化巩固,这是能够准确分析理解长难句的基本前提,而近几年的高考题中长难句的增多越显示出这一点的重要性。另外,长难句的分析也离不开主从复合句的相关知识。我们教师在课文教学中要多设置针对性较强的阅读理解题帮助学生强化这种阅读技巧,当然,一定量的词汇是阅读的前提,只有在扫清词汇障碍的前提下才能讲求方法和技巧,但只有词汇短语句式的理解与记忆是远远不够的。
其次,强化指示词、连接词的知识和练习也是必要的,这可以帮助学生更好地理解句与句、句与篇的关系。教师必须想办法让学生了解到一篇文章是怎样通过不同方式使众多的句子以及多个段落构成一个完整的、有一定主题的篇章。掌握了这些,对高考题中的段落大意、主旨大意题就会迎刃而解,也有利于做阅读填空题,即七选五这类题,同时有利于学生们写作水平的提高,一举三得。
再次,语篇知识对阅读的作用也不可忽视,老师应通过讲授或练习教给学生常见的篇章结构和模式,平时教学中多练习写纲要或缩写,这是一个比较有效的方式。高中英语课本中有许多的对话形式的文章,多要求学生改写也是一个不错的途径。
最后,学生应学会识别文章的功用即作者的写作意图,作者写作此文章是为了描述、议论、劝说还是仅仅是为了娱乐?他是在摆事实还是发表个人看法?是直截了当地表明观点还是通过正话反说或双重否定等方式?所有这些问题对于理解都是很关键的。老师必须教给学生常用的标识符号以及怎样通过各种暗示识别作者的意图。
总之,老师应该通过各种手段改变学生拘泥于一词一句的习惯,将注意力更多地放在更高的语言层次上,学会从客观上把握文章的意思。
Many people simply regard Pride and Prejudice as a love story, but in my opinion, this book is an illustration of the society at that time. She perfectly reflected the relation between money and marriage at her time and gave the people in her works vivid characters.
The characters have their own personalities. Mrs. Bennet is a woman who makes great efforts to marry off her daughters. Mr. Bingley is a friendly young man, but his friend, Mr. Darcy, is a very proud man who seems to always feel superior. Even the five daughters in Bennet family are very different. Jane is simple, innocent and never speaks evil of others. Elizabeth is a clever girl who always has her own opinion. Mary likes reading classic books. (Actually she is a pedant. Kitty doesn’t have her own opinion but likes to follow her sister, Lydia. Lydia is a girl who follows exotic things, handsome man, and is somehow a little profligate. When I read the book, I can always find the same personalities in the society now. That is why I think this book is indeed the representative of the society in Britain in the 18th century.
The family of gentleman in the countryside is Jane Austen’s favourite topic. But this little topic can reflect big problems. It concludes the stratum situation and economic relationships in Britain in her century. You can find these from the very beginning of this book.
Austen left this problem for us to think. The genius of Jane Austen lies in this perfect simplicity, the simplicity that reflects big problems. Although Austen was only 21 when she wrote “Pride and Prejudice”, her sharp observation of social lives makes the style of this book surprisingly mature and lively. The plots in her works are always very natural. The development of the plot is as inevitable as a problem in mathematics. I think the depth of Pride and Prejudice is the reason that makes this book prominent and classic. Today, her book still can be the guide telling us the economic relationships both at her time and in modern time.
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