1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
导入:
第1段:提出一种现象或某种困难作为议论的话题
正文:
第2段:Many ways can help to solve this serious problem, but the following may be most effective. First of all... Another way to solve the problem is ... Finally...(列出2~3个解决此类问题的办法
结论:
第3段:These are not the best but the only two/ three measures we can take. But it should be noted that we should take action to...(强调解决此类问题的根本方法
有多久没翻开那本相册了呢?半年,一年,甚至更长,掸去封面那层浅浅的灰,翻开,是记忆里扬抑的色彩。老旧的照片上,浮动着岁月的痕迹。
从那些泛黄的相册页里,飘出一缕缕七年前的笑声,十年前暖金色的阳光,白驹过隙般的光阴,陈旧的味道。 看这一张老照片。上面那个头发没几根,眼睛深黑色,穿着一件白色蓬纱裙的小丫头真的是我吗?照片上的我,置身于还未改建的体育场里。
尽管穿着一件及膝的裙子,调皮好动的我却还是很不顾“淑女形象”地用胖胖的手指抓住体育场里那锈迹斑斑的双杠,做了不太标准的“引体向上”,两条腿看起来像是在空中乱蹬着。看着这张照片,幼年时期的细碎片段轻松地被抖落了出来。记得爸爸跟我说过,在我小时候,因为家附近就是体育场,所以父母经常带我去体育场玩。体育场里有很多健身器材,偏偏我是个“穿着裙子学投篮”的假小子,一到体育场便围着那些个头比我高的体育器材爬上爬下。那时,父母总会在一边静静地看着,时不时抓住几个镜头,举着相机“咔嚓”来个特写。数数看,一张,两张,三张……相册里有很多照片都是有关幼年时,体育场里种下的欢声笑语。
想一想,那时的我,不过也就五、六岁吧! 指尖拨动一页页,思绪穿梭在一段段的时光里,那熟悉的笑容挑起记忆的点滴瞬间聚成汪洋。老照片上的爸爸坐在椅子上闲适地看书;老照片上的妈妈,坐在冬日阳光笼罩下公园麦金色的.草坪上;老照片上的我,穿着一身粉红在海边无忧无虑地嬉戏……每一张老照片,就是一份见证,见证日升月落、斗转星移中,那不变的记忆温暖。
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