②人到40岁时,负重关节都会有一些骨关节炎的病理改变。一些过度使用的情况,比如职业损伤、运动过量等,关节会提前到达使用寿命,提早出现骨关节炎。除人之外, 差不多所有脊推动物都会发生骨关节炎,只有两种呈倒悬体位的哺乳动物不患此病,那就是蝙蝠和树獭。这种普遍性提示我们,与其说骨关节炎是一种疾病,不如说是一种关节对于磨损的自然反应。大多数关节炎都与关节达到使用寿命有关(骨关节炎),一些少见的关节炎则是由于免疫系统紊乱而攻击自身关节组织所致(自身免疫性关节炎),此外也有微生物感染所导致的化脓性关节炎,但没有因为寒冷导致的关节炎。关节炎患者在受凉后可能会出现关节疼痛的症状,让人误以为寒冷是导致关节炎的霏龙祸首。
③老百姓常说的“关节炎”或者“风湿”其实在医学上多为骨关节炎。骨关节炎是发病率最高的骨关节病。根据国外资料,在X线普查中,55岁以上有骨关节炎的X线表现者高达80%,而65岁以上人群中,骨关节炎的临床患病率达68%。为什么骨关节炎这么普遍呢?
④人体的关节也和很多商品一样有“使用寿命”,如果年龄达到了关节的使用寿命, 关节处的软骨会变薄,软化、失去弹性,甚至碎裂、剥脱,软骨下的骨质增生并形成骨赘(即所谓“骨刺”),最终导致关节疼痛、关节僵硬和活动受限,这便是骨关节炎。
⑤高龄、肥胖、雌激素缺乏、骨密度异常(骨质疏松与骨硬化)、过度运动、吸烟、维生素D缺乏,以及创伤、关节形态异常、关节周围肌肉无力、反复的应力负荷等机械因素,是目前已知的几乎所有骨关节炎发病的危险因素,但没有证据表明寒冷是骨关节炎的危险因素。
⑥关节炎的主要临床表现之一便是关节痛,而疼痛加重往往和天气变化、潮湿受凉有关,为什么会出现这种情况,目前学界还存在争论.新近的研究证实了骨关节炎患者膝关节疼痛的程度分别和环境温度和气压的变化有关,尽管这种关联强度不是很强。研究者还认为关节疼痛可能与关节周围组织的顺应性,关节液的粘滯性,以及关节周围毛细血管通透性的改变有关。但也有人不以为然,认为是精神心理因素在其中扮演了重要作用。由于天气变化对人的情绪产生影响,而负面情绪可以降低疼痛阈值,因此使人感受到疼痛,也许正是寒冷时关节炎患者的关节疼痛加重,才使大家误认为寒冷是患上关节炎的原因吧.
(选自《科学之友》2016年第7期,有删改)
9.填空。(6分)
(1 第②段中所说的“这种普遍性”是指_____ 。(2分
(2 第③段画线的句子是为了印证 _____ 这一结论。(2分
(3 从全文来看,造成关节炎的'主要因素是_______ (2分
10.下列各句对原文的理解与分析,不正确的一项是( )(3分)
A.蝙鎘和树獭不得关节炎病是因为它们的身体呈倒悬状。
B.免疫系统紊乱或微生物感染是关节炎病的罪魁祸首。
C.“骨刺”的产生主要与骨关节的“使用寿命”有关?。
D.天气寒冷会导致关节疼痛这种说法或许是有道理的。
参考答案:
9. (6分)(1除编蝠和树獺外,所有脊椎动会发生骨关节炎(2分)(2背关节炎是发病率最商的骨关节病(骨关节炎十分普遍)(2分)(3年龄(关节的使用寿命)(2分①生理因素:与关节周围组织的顺应性、关节液的粘滞性,以及关节周围毛细血管通透性的改变有关。(1分)②精神心理因素:负面情绪可以降任疼痛阈值。(1分)
10. (3 分)B
11.示例:①对于这些古建筑,我们只是托管者,我们只有维护的义务,没有随意处置的权利。②每座城市有它的历史和传统美学,要重视。 ③可以让回乡寻根的人们有个精神的家园,有曾经的记忆。④可以成就一个历史文化名城。(4分,一点1分)
12.北京大剧院是一座外形怪异的现代式建筑,未能融入中国的传统元素,与古城的历史氛围格格不入。(意对即可,3分)
13. D(3分)
14.①不仅要保护古建筑本身,而且对其周围环境也要加以保护。 ②加强对古建筑的保护力度,调查、登记和保护要系统,不遗漏一处值得保护的古建筑。③不任意处置古建筑。④重视传统文化的保护传承,不要在追求现代中忽视了传统。(4分,写出其中两条即可)
China is a great country with the largest population in the world. In order to solve the population problem, our government decides to implemented one-child policy. When it is carried out for some time, many people not only see its advantages but also disadvantages. Thus, people argue that two-child policy should be put into effect. In my opinion, two-child policy should be carried out.
中国是一个人口大国。为了解决人口问题,我国政府决定实施独生子女政策。执行一段时间后,许多人不仅看到了这个政策的优点还有缺点。因此,人们开始推崇二胎政策。在我看来,二胎政策是应该实施的。作文
First of all, two-child policy is the gift for some only child. For some families, maybe the parents are only child and they also can have only child. Put aside the loneliness of their child, when their child grows up and they grow older, their child marry with an only child girl accidentally, the burden on their child and his wife is unimaginable heavy. Their child and his wife have to take care of two old couples. Usually, a young couple looking after an old couple is a little difficult; if the pressure increasing twice, how can they stand it. But if their parents have two children, they can share the burden of taking care of their parents. It would be much better.
首先,二胎政策对于一些独生子女来说是天赐的礼物。对于一些家庭来说,也许父母都是独生子女,而他们也只生一个孩子。抛开孩子的孤独不说,当他们的孩子长大了,而他们也变老了,他们的孩子又和一个独生子女结婚,这样的话,压在他们孩子和孩子妻子肩上的压力是不可想象的。他们的孩子和他的妻子不得不照顾两对老人。通常,一对年轻的夫妇照顾一对老人就有点难了;如果压力增加了一倍,他们怎么能忍受呢。但是如果他们的父母有两个孩子,他们就能分享照顾父母的压力。这样会比较好。
Secondly, two-child policy can guarantee the number of Chinese population. As the widely spread of one-child policy, some people have changed their conception about giving birth. If they firmly believe one-child policy, there will be more and more the dink. After several decades, our country will famous for lack of population.
其次,二胎政策可以确保中国的人口数量。由于广泛宣传独生子女政策,有些人已经改变了他们的生育观念。如果他们认同独生子女政策,就会有越老越多的丁克族。几十年后,我国就会以人口短缺而著名了。
In conclusion, one-child policy has out of date. And tow-child policy is needed and necessary. It can solve the problem of nowadays and the future.
总之,独生子女政策已经过时了。二胎政策是必要和必须的。这可以解决当前和未来的问题。
Emerging from the cartoon is an eye-catching scene that the parents are willing to have a second child, while their only child do not agree because of his worry that he doesn't want to have another child, even his own sibling, share toys with him. Simple as it is, the symbolic meaning revealed is profound and thought-provoking.
We are supposed to place our attention on, instead of its funny appearance, the implied meaning of the cartoon: as the overall second-child policy expands throughout China, some only children are so selfish that they cannot accept the second child in their family. What can account for this undesirable situation? For one thing, they, as the only child at home all the time, have no awareness of sharing what they like with others due to the fact that all the family members give their love to the only child. As a result, when faced with the problem of whether they are willing to have a sibling, their first response is to refuse it. For another reason, some couples are eager to have a second child as soon as possible, which makes them neglect to communicate with their only child to let them realize the advantage of having a sibling companion in their childhood.
From what has been discussed above, it's safe for me to conclude that it is urgent to take some immediate and effective measures. What I recommend is that parents should let child know the importance of sharing with others, which is beneficial for them in future life. In addition, it's better for parents to have more communication with their only child once they want to have a second child.
秦岭之河南境内伏牛山段有五朵山,山顶有真武大帝道观,六十四年春四月初,文友相邀,驱车千里,南行至南阳南召县。
南方山系不同于北方太行山,太行崖层明显,悬崖陡峭,伏牛山则如卧牛,地形起伏多坡,连绵之状多了几分秀气与内敛。
五朵山高千六百米,徒步蛇形,拾阶而上,路上游人络绎,欢笑之声不断,虽有陌生游客,却也互相鼓励,彼此交谈。偶有小儿随母登山,笑谈来此吸纳天地之灵气;有七十老者,拄杖缓行,众人不由啧啧称赞。
登山顶,方知此顶曰北顶之由来,南顶武当,北顶五朵。传说此顶乃建文帝修仙之处,五朵山上有遇真亭,三丰真人点化祖始爷,民间始有真武大帝。
山顶平台,杏黄道旗翻卷,钟声嗡嗡,鼓声隆隆,驻足真武殿前,登顶之疲劳消失殆尽,神清气爽。极目远眺,四围起伏之山峦皆尽收眼底,雾气昭彰,山风呼呼,远处天边模糊已不见边界,犹如水墨山水。
记忆中此山印象不深,倒是南召朋友之豪迈恰与山峦之秀气截然不同。至南召已是深夜,料想文友已然散去,留一二人接待已让人感动。下车方知,五人无一离去,店面虽小,满桌杯盘丰盛,喝未喝过之好酒,拿出来的是未曾有过的豪气,接二连三,热情与真诚不由我等酒入欢肠,少顷即有醉意。中途有女诗人入座,举杯即饮,巾帼不让须眉,令人顿觉诗人气魄扑面而来。
返回途中,一路上道不尽此行之景,更说不完相邀之人。
改写括号中的内容,使其句式整齐,韵律和谐。
醒来眼里布满了泪水;(大病之后我疲乏,依依不舍的离别,旅行途中的辛苦,到家后可能的恐怖的事实,)都到心上来了。
分析:这是一道典型的语言运用试题,在近年中考语文试卷中经常出现。这类句式修改,一般要求句式整齐,语意连贯,可调整个别词语和句子顺序,但不得改变句子愿意。
句式整齐,语意连贯,其实就是修改为整句。整句是什么呢?整句就是把结构相同或者相似的一组句子整齐地排列在一起。整句形式整齐,音律和谐,气势贯通,能够把内容表达得鲜明集中,有利于突出作者的思想感情。
本题的实质是将原句修改为排比句(排比句就是整句的一种),但在题目中并没有明确指出,意在降低试题难度,只要句式基本整齐,意思和原句差不多都能得分。
查看本题中要修改的部分,我们很容易发现,出现了“大病之后”、“旅行途中”、“到家后”三个时间状语,只要第二个短语“依依不舍的离别”可以修改为时间状语修饰,句式基本上就整齐了。“依依不舍的离别”就是离别的时候依依不舍呀,“离别时”不就是一个时间状语吗?
看看,这样修改后就变成了“大病之后我疲乏,离别时的依依不舍,旅行途中的'辛苦,到家后可能的恐怖的事实”
是否还需要进一步修改呢?同学们在修改中也要试着读一读,看看还有不有别扭的地方。我们很快就可以发现,第一个短语和后三个是不同的。我们只需要把第一个短语也修改成的字短语修改的偏正短语就行了。
“大病之后的疲乏,离别时的依依不舍,旅行途中的辛苦,到家后可能的恐怖的事实”
这已经非常不错了,当然,你还可以进一步美化。
“大病后的疲乏,离别时的不舍,旅行途中的辛苦,到家后可能的恐怖的事实”
前三句字格式、字数完全相同了,最后一句是不能改为“到家后的事实”的,也不能改为“到家后的恐怖事实”,因为去掉“可能”,就改变原句的原意了。
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