首尾式照应在记叙文中的运用,常见的有两种情况。
一是运用倒叙方法的记叙文,必然是首尾照应,这种情况最多,也最典型。例如《记一辆纺车》,它运用了倒叙的方法,首尾照应很严密。请看首尾两段的`有关内容:
首段:“我曾经使用过一辆纺车,离开延安那年,把它跟一些书籍一起留在蓝家坪了,后来常常想起它。想起它,就像想起旅伴,想起战友,心里充满着深切的怀念。”
尾段:“就因为这些,我常常想起那辆纺车。想起它就像想起旅伴和战友,心里充满着深切的怀念。围绕着这种怀念,也想起延安的种种生活。……”
这两段文字,在内容上、感情上、修辞上、时间上、地点上、表达方式上等方面,几乎都是相同的,前者放在开头,领起全篇,造成悬念,揭示主旨,激发读者阅读的兴趣。后者放在结尾,总结全文,强调中心,回扣文首。这样,既强调了作者与纺车的密切关系,又深化了纺车的不平凡意义,使文章形成了一个很严密的整体。
二是运用顺叙方法的记叙文,也有首尾照应的,但没有运用倒叙方法记叙文的照应那么周密,那么严整,运用的频率也不高,难度却较大,但如果运用得好,会产生别出心裁的效果,例如莫怀戚的《散步》,是一篇用顺叙方法写成的记叙文,其中就运用了这种照应的方法。
先看开头:“我们在田野散步:我,我的母亲,我的妻子和儿子。”
再看结尾:“这样,我们在阳光下,向着那菜花、桑树和鱼塘走去,到了一处,我蹲下来,背起了母亲,妻子也蹲下来,背起了儿子。……”
这两段文字的照应,主要体现在两个方面:一是情节的照应,即“散步”;二是人物的照应,即“我”母亲、妻子、儿子等祖孙三代四个人。而且,照应的顺序很有讲究,开头是“散步”总概,结尾是具体的“散步”;开头由“我”到“母亲”到“妻子”到“儿子”,结尾依然是这样的安排顺序。这样照应,既有序,又有物,既合理,又严密。
首尾式照应是使文章完整的最主要方法之一,运用时,有两点值得注意:一是照应的语句要有所变化,不能简单重复,否则显得呆板;二是开头和结尾的文字,要有明显的适应性,开头只能作开头,结尾只能做结尾,不能互换而用。
People hold different views about X. Some people are of the opinion that 观点1, while others point out that 观点2. As far as I am concerned, the former/latter opinion holds more weight. For one thing, 论据1. For another, 论据2.
Last but not the least, 论据3.
To conclude, 总结观点. As a college student, I am supposed to 表决心. 或 From above, we can predict that 预测.
Some people believe (argue, recognize, think that 观点1. But other people take an opposite side. They firmly believe that 观点2. As for me, I agree to the former/latter idea.
There are a dozen of reasons behind my belief. First of all, 论据1. More importantly, 论据2. Most important of all, 论据3.
In summary, 总结观点. As a college student, I am supposed to 表决心. 或 From above, we can predict that 预测.
Such is sons’ nature; I really do not know how to express my thanks to you. However, I can imagine, on the day 18 years ago, when you gave birth to me, what a complex feeling you had. In the past few years, every day you struggle me up in the morning and prepare breakfast for me, then in the afternoon, you always welcome your only son with delicious foods after a day‘s hard work. Now your son has been 18 and will go to university soon, like a bird is leaving its parents. Nevertheless, your footprints on my heart will never ever fade and I love you mum!
your son
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