图表作文的写作框架是什么(图表类作文写作技巧)

图表作文的写作框架是什么(图表类作文写作技巧)

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图表作文的写作框架是什么(图表类作文写作技巧)

图表作文的写作框架是什么【一】

表格说明。即在说明事物或知识时,把与之有关的数字列成表格,插于说明文字之中。表中所列项目,根据说明需要而定。这样说明,既清晰集中,又能进行比较,便于理解和记忆。例如《万紫千红的花》这篇说明文第七自然节,在说明花的颜色时,就列出了表格:

这个表格里的项目有花的颜色和种数两类,共有9种花色,从而形成比较,有力地说明了花色之中白色最多黑色最少的`特点,将被说明的对象介绍得一清 二楚。至于花的姿态,花的开放时间以及花呈不同色彩的原因,表中均末列项,这就既紧扣了课题万紫千红,又突出了说明的重点。

插图说明。有些事物须用图示才能说得清楚,如某种新产品的介绍,某种科学知识的解说,某种复杂的事物的说明等,就常常在文学中配上插图或示意 图,以助文字说明。例如《统筹方法》,在介绍统筹方法时,就先后列举了三个示意图,一是相互关系箭头图,二是工作合并图,三是数字表示任务图,分别如下:

这三幅示意图,形象地再现了统筹方法的主要内容,通过图示不难看出,关系清楚,顺序明了,谁优谁劣不言而喻,从而使这种复杂的科学方法简单化了,给人以鲜明直观的深刻印象,是语言文字所无法比拟的。

运用图表助示法说明事物,表格的项目不可设计过繁,将可比的几个事物或几种知识的主要比项列出即可。图表应放在文中与被说明文字密切相关之处。 图表虽是全文的有机组成部分,但不可过多运用,它只是为文字服务的,起助说作用,图表一多,令人眼花缭乱,容易给人以厌烦和累赘之感。

图表作文的写作框架是什么【二】

翻译是受关联理论影响最大的学科之一。德国学者Gutt认为,翻译是一种言语交际行为,是与大脑机制密切联系的推理过程,它不仅涉及语码,更重要的是根据语境进行动态的推理,而推理的依据就是关联性。关联性就是制约翻译的基本原则,翻译的成功与否在于原交际者的目的和读者(听者)的要求在认知环境方面与原文相似。关联理论引入翻译研究,对翻译理论和实践都具有指导意义。

美国著名语言学家、翻译理论权威尤金·奈达博士也认为:“翻译就是交际。”他指出,信息如果不能被读者接受则丧失其交际作用,而译文如果起不到交际作用,不能为读者所理解,就是不合格的。

原作者和译者都是通过交际意图把信息告诉各自的读者,因此,要做到忠实于原作者的交际意图,这就需要译者首先要理解原文,并根据关联原则找到各种信息的最佳关联,获得最佳的语境效果,最终做出一个最能体现原作者交际意图的译文。成功的译文是使译文读者可以不必花费较多的努力就能获得与原文读者相同的语境效果,并能准确地理解原作者的交际意图。

关联理论把翻译看作是一个交际过程,而翻译过程包含作者与译者之间的交际和译者与读者之间的交际这两个交际过程。因此,译者不仅要有准确理解作者交际意图的能力,还应充分考虑译文环境下译文读者的认知能力,帮助译文读者找到与译文语境之间的最佳关联,达到最佳交际效果。译者作为原文的读者接受来自原文本的信息,这些信息提供的动态语境与译者的认知语境相结合,产生译者对原文本的理解。在理解过程中,译者运用自己的语言知识和推理能力努力达到对原文作者意图的最接近的理解,从而做到对原文的“忠实”。然而,译文忠实于原文的程度依赖于译者对译文读者的了解。如果译者不顾译文读者的认知语境和知识结构,将原文原封不动地呈现给译文读者,只会使译文读者不知所云,导致交际失败。例如,如果把“Every family is said to have at least one skeleton in the cupboard。”直译为“据说家家户户的壁橱里至少都藏着一具骷髅。”就会使译文读者困惑不解。此译文只是对原文的表面意思做了传达,并未传达原文的真实意义,对于不了解西方文化背景的译文读者来说就很难以理解。然而。如果将其翻译为“常言道:壁橱里藏骷髅,丑事家家有。”这样,译者就找到了原文与译文语境的最佳关联,译文也更易被中国读者所接受,译者就达到了完成作者与译文读者之间最佳交际的目的。

译者作为原作者和译文读者之间的桥梁,其主要任务是保证两者之间交际的成功。为了保证原文作者和译文读者之间交际的成功,译者可以采取各种翻译策略来帮助译文读者找到原文与译文语境的最佳关联,达到最佳的交际效果。因此,译文读者在这一交际过程中的角色是不容忽视的。译者需要对译文读者的`认知结构和知识结构有充分的了解,做出准确的判断,对译文的表达方式做出适合译文读者的选择。如对《红楼梦》中的谚语“谋事在人,成事在天”的翻译,霍克斯直接引用英语谚语“Man proposes,God disposes。”撇开原作中的佛教色彩,使译作带上了基督教色彩,从而使原文作者曹雪芹向译文读者靠近。

翻译是语际意义的转换,意义问题是翻译的核心问题。在翻译过程中,既要重视语言本身,也要重视在不同的语境中语言所要表达的真正含义。语境在关联理论中又称为语境假设,不仅包括上下文和说话时的社会环境,还包括百科知识和当时感知的信息,这些信息并不构成一个单一的语境,而是一系列语境。在话语理解中,人们只是选取某一特定语境对信息进行推理。交际能否顺利进行,主要看听话者能否选择正确的语境。Sperber和Wilson提出了动态的语境观。语境不是静态的,而是在话语理解过程中不断选择的结果。很多情况下,交际者的交际意图可能会和话语的字面意思不一致甚至相反,这就要求听话者结合自己的认知结构和百科知识及推理能力找到与说话者的话语信息相关的语境假设,通过推理正确的判断说话者的交际意图。例如:“She is a fox。”译文有“她是只狐狸”、“她是个狐狸精”或“她是个时尚迷人的女人”在中英文化中,“狐狸”都可以与狡猾、诡计多端的人联系在一起,但当“狐狸”与女性联系在一起,汉语与英语就有了不同的文化色彩。如果译者不了解中英不同的文化语境,按照中国人的认知思维,把fox翻译成“狐狸精”,那无疑是错误的,因为在英语中,它指的是时髦迷人的女子。因此,译者应该对原语进行文化推理,获得最佳的语境效果才能得出准确的译文,达到交际的目的。

图表作文的写作框架是什么【三】

"好一朵美丽的茉莉花,清香扑鼻的满枝桠…。。"你一定听过这美丽的歌吧?这就是茉莉花,纯洁美丽的茉莉花。

我们家楼下有一盆茉莉花,每天放学都会看见这盆茉莉花。有一次,我看到了那茉莉花花瓣在天上飞舞,我惊讶地俯下身,把鼻子凑近花瓣,用力一吸,啊,那悠悠的一股清香在我心中荡漾。那茉莉花像婷婷少女玉立在草丛中,花色迷人!看,碧绿的叶子托着小花蕾,她咧开小嘴,吐出一股股芳香,像一个害羞的姑娘。我渐渐地爱上了茉莉花,我爱她的纯洁与洁白。

有一天,下了很大的雨,我担心茉莉花被狂风暴雨淋坏。雨停后,我冲下楼,看到了叶子被雨水冲的碧绿碧绿的,小小茉莉花还是那样洁白,晶莹,水灵灵,空气中弥漫着茉莉花的香味。

我要像茉莉花那样洁白,纯洁,做个对社会有用的人!

图表作文的写作框架是什么【四】

说起老师,要数我们的`马老师最好了。她有一张稍微长的脸,大的眼睛,弯弯的眉毛,扎着马尾辫。

老师的总是面带微笑,和蔼可亲。下课时还常逗着我们玩。令我们哈哈大笑。老师的穿着很普通。我便去问老师为什么穿的不像其他老师华丽高贵呢?老实回答说“其实穿什么都不重要,重要的是心灵美。穿的稳重大方就可以了。我心想:老师是一个善良的人,她挣了钱,不舍的为自己花,而是为家人花了。

老师关心我们的学习成长及健康。每天放学时总是叮嘱我们注意安全。严格要求自己,处处以身作则,为我们做榜样。每天老师开关窗户最后一个离教室。老师教学丰富,方法灵活多样,善于鼓励,每一个同学在老师的鼓励下,都进步了许多。培养我们独立的学习能力。我们都养成了独立思考的好习惯。

这就是我们的老师,一个普通人。从老师身上我感觉到了老师和蔼可亲,为人师表,舍己为人,专心致志的品质。我们的老师估计已有40多岁了,但是她在我们的心里依旧是年轻,美丽,充满活力的女教师。

图表作文的写作框架是什么【五】

几片洁白的花瓣拥抱着一簇嫩黄的花蕊,便构成了我最喜爱的茉莉花。

在我家门前有几株茉莉花,这几株茉莉花长势很好,茉莉花的叶子是淡绿的,一片片椭圆形的叶均匀的长在茎上,茉莉花的茎比较粗,有钢笔杆那么粗。茉莉花比较难种难活。刚刚栽下的茉莉花,很瘦弱、娇嫩,需要天天浇点水,精心护理。当茉莉花成活后,就可以隔二天浇一次水,松一回土。慢慢的,茉莉花开始长大长粗了。茉莉花一般在春天和夏天开花。它那小小的花瓣,我觉得真是玲珑剔透,虽然没有娇艳的色彩,但质朴、本色,纯洁不加修饰,却楚楚动人,

我吸着它的香气,虽不浓郁,但清新淡雅,令人心旷神怡。茉莉花的花苞是洁白的,看上去晶莹如玉。洁白的花瓣和碧绿的叶子相配起来像一个雪白的小天使坐在碧绿的叶子上正朝我微笑呢!

茉莉花不仅花儿美丽,还有一些别的价值,比如把茉莉花摘下来,放到太阳下晒干,过了几日,等花干了以后,放进一个瓶子里,干花就做好了。如果家里来了客人,泡茶时往茶杯里放几朵干花,就成了茉莉花茶,那才叫香呢!

我爱你,茉莉花!

图表作文的写作框架是什么【六】

我的妈妈很漂亮,也很会做饭,她是一名医生,工作很忙,很辛苦。

妈妈非常爱我,每天早上天不亮就起床给我和爸爸做饭,因为我爱吃包子和火烧,妈妈就变着花样给我包不同馅的包子。妈妈说早饭要吃好,午饭要吃饱,晚饭要吃少。为了让我们吃好,妈妈牺牲了自己的休息时间。

去年我刚上一年级,妈妈每天都来接我送我。记得一个周五放学后我心里特别高兴,出了校门和同学们拜拜以后,就四处寻找妈妈的身影,可是等啊等,却还是没有等到妈妈,天越来越黑,空中又下起了小雨,我再也受不了了,想大声的哭出来。这时不远处出现了一个熟悉的身影,近了一看原来是妈妈,我哭着跑过去,我看见妈妈的手上缠着一块纱布。原来妈妈今天上班,为了来接我请了一小回假,心里记挂着我,又记挂着她的病号,在路上被一辆三轮车刮了一下,刚刚包扎完就过来了。

这就是我的妈妈,爱我的妈妈。我想对您说,妈妈我也爱您。

图表作文的写作框架是什么【七】

(1) 不同观点列举型( 选择型 )

There is a widespread concern over the issue that __题目_____. But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person. A majority of people think that _ 观点一________. In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows: in the first place, ___原因一_______.Furthermore, in the second place, ___原因二_____. So it goes without saying that ___观点一_____.

People, however, differ in their opinions on this matter. Some people hold the idea that ___观点二_______. In their point of view, on the one hand, ___原因一_______. On the other hand, ____原因二_____. Therefore, there is no doubt that ___观点二______.

As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that __观点一或二______. It is not only because ________, but also because _________. The more _______, the more ________.

(2)利弊型的`议论文

Nowadays, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)___作文题目

______. In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题_____. Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspects as follows. Firstly, ___优点一______. And secondly ___优点二_____.

Just As a popular saying goes, "every coin has two sides", __讨论议题______ is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects. To begin with, ___缺点一______. In addition, ____ 缺点二______.

To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of __讨论议题____ into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time. In that case, we will definitely make a better use of the ____讨论议题___.

(3)答题性议论文

Currently, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)__作文题目_______ .It is really an important concern to every one of us. As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.

As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this problem. First of all, __途径一______. In addition, anotheer way contributing to success of the solving problem is ___途径二_____.

Above all, to solve the problem of ___作文题目______, we should find a

number of various ways. But as far as I am concerned, I would prefer to solve the problem in this way, that is to say, ____方法_____.

(4) 谚语警句性议论文

It is well know to us that the proverb: " ___谚语_______" has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our study. It means ____谚语的含义_______. The saying can be illustrated through a series of examples as follows. ( also theoretically )

A case in point is ___例子一______. Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____谚语_____.

As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that __观点一或二_.

Itis not only because ________, but also because _________. The more _______, the more ________.

(2)利弊型的议论文

目______. In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题

_____. Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspJust As a popular saying goes, "every coin has two sides",is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects. To begin with,To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of 讨论议题

into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time.

( 3 答题性议论文

Currently, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that作文题目_______ .It is really an important concern to every one of us. As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.

As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this pr______, we should find a number of various ways. But as far as I am concern

( 4 谚语警句性议论文

语 has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our stu. ( also theoretically

______. Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____ With the rapid development of science and technology in China, an increasing number of people come to realize that it is also of practical use to stick to the saying: ____谚语

_____. The more we are aware of the significance of this famous saying, the more benefits we will get in our daily study and job..

★★★图表作文的框架

as is shown/indicated/illustrated by the figure/percentage in the _____ has been on rise/ decrease (goesup/increases/drops/decreases,significantly/dramatically/steadily rising/decreasing from______ in _______ to ______ in _____. From the sharp/marked decline/ rise in the chart, it goes without saying that ________.

There are at least two good reasons accounting for ______. On the one hand, ________. On the other hand, _______ is due to the fact that ________. In addition, ________ is responsible for _______. Maybe there are some other reasons to

show ________. But it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly convincing.

As far as I am concerned,

I hold the point of view that _______. I am sure my opinion is both sound and well-grounded.

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