在现今这个我们所生活的后现代时代,关于现实的基本性质的困境和不确定性,已经成为生活以及“是”什么的一个核心要素。
作为一个社会组织或社会结构的体现,后现代性强调的是我们的社会世界的多元性、相互联结性和全球性特征。
后现代主义则是关于现实的哲学和理论思维,他质疑现实的单一性质,并怀疑我们能用绝对术语去认识有关的现实。他把现实看成是多元的和被社会建构的。
我们关于“真实”的经验总是以符号、象征物和话语为中介。
从字面上讲,超现实的意思就是在真是智商,超越真实和在真实之外。这是一个难以理解的概念,因为我们总是倾向于把我们看到的东西认为是理所当然的,换言之,就是我们假设在现实和认识之间存在着直接的联系。
当提到超现实时,我们所认为的真实并非真正的真实。或者,也可进一步说,没有事物是真实的,除非我们认定它是真实的,尽管我们很快就会忘记现实的非真实性。
从积极的方面看,后现代的视角开拓了我们的思维,让我们以一种新的、富有创造性的方式去思考和行动。但它也对我们所依赖的、能提供给我们确定性和目标的文化提出了疑问。
消费主义就是后现代性的核心。在后现代社会,我们面临的是强制选择:选择不仅仅是一种取舍,更是一件必须要做的事情。并且我们选择不限于食宿的东西,我们甚至要选择伙伴,信仰,身份。
通过预测一个被经济而不是国家身份结合起来的全球社会,人口统计学家韦斯预言:“随着国家边界的逐渐消失,地球村将最终成为一个簇群的世界。”处在相同经济簇但却是在不同城市或国家的人们,将比生活在同一个城市但却处在不同经济簇中的人们又更多的共同点。那些拥有充足资源来投资以增进他们的物质资源、社会资源和文化资源的人,其资源使得他们与在同一群体的其他人而不是那些他们当地社区的人联系更紧密。
作为赛博人,不仅仅是一个人机合成体;它还使自我和非自我之间的界限变得模糊不清。孤立的自我让路于网络化的自我。
我们是灰色的。罗德里格斯用这个隐喻来描述在民族、性特征和文化方面交叉的边界:“灰色,并不必然具有一种颜色上的意义,但却只有灰色是必然的,因为它是混合的、困惑的、结块的、不纯的、未经高温消毒的。”
后现代生活的一个经验就是,生活中并没有单一的历史和单一的经验。可能对于在后现代时代现实发展的最好比喻,就是一个可以使我们从常常对立的现实中跳出去的舞蹈。社会学可以帮助我们更好地理解这个舞蹈的本质,实际上也只有这样做,社会学才能引导我们走向更加积极的未来。
Dear Dad,
Thank you very much for your letter written to me. In your letter , you not only expressed your expectation to me , but also showed all your love to me . I was deeply moved . Thanks again ,Daddy .You said ," I hope you get bravery and perseverance, and can quickly grasp living skills like a lion ". Now I want to tell you that I will try my best to do everything well and live up to your expectations . Dear father , you are a great lion in my mind .
When I am absent mind , when I am depressed, you , my dear father is always there . Your advice and encouragement guide me through many difficulties . Thank you , Dad, for your help and understanding.
I love you , Dad ,forever!
电影《美国丽人》中,郊区后现代中产阶级家庭中,母亲对女儿说:“你已经长大了,你应该学习人生中最重要的一课:你不能指望人和人,除了你自己。”我们想要相信我们是自己的救世主,这会赋予我们所渴望的控制力,会让我们成为自己命运的主宰者。
但是社会学的一个基本观点是:我们每个人都很脆弱,都需要依赖他人,都很贫困。每个人除了依靠他人别无选择。想一想,我们真的仅仅是我吗?我们的经历,我们的朋友,我们共同遵守的社会规则。
在社会学意义上,“自我”这一概念超出了人的身体所包含的东西。它包括社会纽带关系。我们的性别、出身地、毕业的学校,认识的人,拥有的技能,性情,等等,把我从我与他人的关系中分离出来,是很困难的。我们的行动不仅仅受自我意愿的影响,还受“我们假想的他人的一组态度”的影响。甚至我们从孩童发展为一个社会人的过程中,就是用社会规则来限制我们的行为。我们身处的阶级(即物质资源、社会资源、文化资源的分配情况)决定了我们为什么会这样想,为什么会这样做。只有意识到这一点,我们才能去理解:“我们为什么会这样想”
Dear Dad,
Today is father’s day, for so many years I’ve been seekig a way to express my heartfelt thanks for all you have done for me. Here comes it!
Thank you for always being there sharing my life when I need you most. Whenever I encounter difficulties, I never feel alone and vulnerable, because you will keep me on the right path. I’m blessed to have you.
Thank you for offering me education and teaching me how to be a man. You always inspire me not by words, but by what you have done! Your efforts in the work, your loyalty to your friends, your responsibility for the family and your persistence in the life have already set me good examples in my own life.
Thank you for always appreciating my work, no matter how tiny it is! You have made me realize that it’s capacity not scores that really counts.
Dad, I love you and I will love you forever!
Yours beloved,
Li Ming
You should write at least 150 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use Li Ming instead. You do not need to write the address.
Dear Sir or Madam,
I m writing to lodge the complaint about the poor quality of an air conditioner that I purchased from Sun Appliance Company.
Frankly speaking, Sun Appliance has always been my favorite. On April 4, 2007, I bought the air conditioner (serial number 12345 from one of your chain store located in Lang Fang. The machine operated well at first, but ten days later, there was a fault that bothered me, that is, the fan made so much noise that I could not sleep well at night. Worse still, the cooling system didn t work well and the machine began to leak recently. Its poor quality ruined almost all my previous impression toward your products.
I strongly suggest that a repairman or a service engineer should be sent to my home without delay. I wonder if you could pinpoint the exact cause of the malfunction as soon as possible. If you can t, I am afraid that I will request for full amount of refund or a new air conditioner.
Jiefang Road
Oct. 16, 2003
Dear Mike,
I'm going to the cinema next Sunday morning to see “ A Dream of Red ” , and I have two tickets. Would you like to come?
The film starts at 9:00. Maybe we can meet at the gateway of the department store and have breakfast before the film starts.
Please give me a call if you can come. I'm at home in the evening.
Looking forward to seeing you.
Love,
Li Lei
Dear dad and mum,
Today is Thanksgiving Day,so I want to write a letter to you.I know you are kind and helpful to me.You cook meals and wash clothes for me every day.At the weekend,you often prepare some of my favorite food.Sometimes you also help me with my lessons.I know you are very strict with me,but when I make a mistake,you first listen to me and then have a talk with me instead of just complaining about it.You always try to understand me.I think that is a good way for a child to grow up.With your care,I am living and studying happily,so I want to say "I love you,dad and mum" .
Yours
Baby
Yesterday was Father's Day. I had planned to give my father a present. But I didn't remember it until in the morning.It was too late to post a card to him. So I decided to buy something. When I was in the department store. I found it was not easy for me to choose something right for him. Suddenly I
got an idea. I ran home and opened my computer. I made a beautiful card and mailed him through the Internet. then I began to make supper. When father came home, he was very glad to find a big meal on the table. then I asked him to check his e-mail. He was amazed to find a beautiful card in his e-mail-box.
What a wonderful surprise!
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