记叙文多以起因、经过、结果结构情节。作用根据表达思想内容的需要可采用顺、倒、插、补等叙述顺序。可用总分、并列、递进、转折等形式安排题材。因为布局谋篇是为表现主题服务的,所以在一般记叙文教学中,教师可以引导学生“解剖”结构,从中获取理解信息,从而受到熏陶感染。
小珊迪为什么苦苦哀求要人买他的一盒火柴?个中“原因”,文章开头并没有一语道破。教师要引导学生去理解这么一个情节:小珊迪没有及时送回“找头”,“我”感到“上当”。小珊迪的弟弟送来“找头”,“我”才知道小珊迪的不幸遭遇,看到了穷孩子诚实的优秀品质。这时才点明原因:为了养活弟弟。再层层递进,在“结局”阐明主题。
而童话在结构上大都采用“反复”的手法,其情节似乎凝结在一个点上,反反复复地强化表象,沿着同一路子,让学生尽情展开想象的翅膀。
卖火柴的小女孩连擦三根火柴,看到三个幻象,小学生的想象的路子是:寒冷--想得到温暖--擦燃火柴烤火--似乎坐在火炉前--火柴灭了,火炉不
见了。饿了--想得到食物--街上飘着烤鹅的香味--好象看到烤鹅--好吃呀!于是烤鹅就填满了葡萄干;想吃呀!于是烤鹅背上就插着刀叉摇摇摆摆地向她走来--真要动手拿刀叉吃--火柴灭了,烤鹅不见了。圣诞树幻象的出现和消失过程也一样。这种情节上反复的特色,教师在教学时要充分加以利用,第一次幻象兴灭,教师可详加启发,第二、三次幻象兴灭过程就可以半扶半放,让学生沿着同一想象的路子展开想象。使学生身临其境,深受感染。
除反复以外,一般记叙文的其他结构文章的方法,同样在童话的教与学中也要加以利用。当小女孩看到流星时,她想到奶奶--“一颗星星落下来,就有一个人要死去了。”奶奶在世时,对她的疼爱立刻充满了她的整个身心,她投身奶奶的怀抱--她知道火柴灭了奶奶会不见了。于是她擦燃整把的火柴(文章的情节这时跳出了反复),和奶奶一起飞向没有寒冷、没有饥饿、没有痛苦的极乐世界去了。--结尾余意深长地描绘了一幅悲惨的画面--小女孩死了,嘴角上依然留着微笑,手上握着没有燃尽的火柴梗。教师凭借这个结尾,把学生带回现实,跳出以上三次反复,引导理解“微笑”为什么留在嘴角?“火柴梗”为什么没有燃尽?使学生既能“入书”,又能“出书”。
以分析结构为杠杆,获取理解文章的信息,培养学生的独立阅读能力,又是一般记叙文与童话教学的共同点。
一般记叙文和童话教学过程都应该是启发学生理解文章主题的过程。引导学生从语言文字入手,去掌握文章的具体内容,再领会文章的思想感情,即“披文以入情”。
对小珊迪形象的理解,应首先从分析小珊迪“求卖心切”的原因,来理解小珊迪纯朴的性格;再从分析小珊迪“人穷志不穷”,在生命垂危的情况下,派弟弟送回“找头”的事迹,来理解诚实的性格;最后,再从小珊迪临终托弟(孤)怆然逝去的.不幸遭遇来理解他善良的性格。
同样,对卖火柴小女孩的形象理解也应该经历“披文入情”的过程。但童话教学在这个过程中应该抓住“幻想”这个特征。固然,在理解的过程中想象是十分重要的。要使抽象的文字,在儿童脑海中变成活生生的生活画面,没有想象力是不可能做到的。但“想象”要有个基础,那就是字词概念所反映的客观事物(作为记忆表象贮存于大脑中)。因此,引导学生理解的过程,就是启发想象的过程。可见“启发想象”是一般记叙文和童话都应该重视的教法与学法。但童话中的想象多以幻想的形式出现。幻想是创造想象的一种特殊形式,是一种与生活愿望相结合并指向未来的想象。童话中的幻想一般是以主人翁的“有意幻想”(一种从实际出发,以现实生活发展的规律为依据的,经过一定努力可以实现的幻想,也叫理想)形式出现的。是借幻觉写真情的。而儿童的幻想往往有明显的直观性、虚构性和明显的社会性、历史性。因此在童话的教与学活动中,就要突出幻想的这个特征。当教学到卖火柴的小女孩临终前,三次擦燃火柴,三次看到幻象时,就要遵循幻想的规律,使这些幻象同样出现在小学生的脑际,使他们身历其境。首先,要理解小女孩脑际会出现此情此景是有其现实生活基础的,因此要学生先理解语言文字:“寒冷”就使人追求“暖和”,而“火”--即使是一根火柴的微弱的火--也能产生一丝的热。这就是小女孩在墙内敢于抽出一根火柴在墙上擦燃的原因。而对描写大街上、家里寒冷的语言文字的理解就是理解“擦燃火柴取暖”的基础。其次,要调动学生的记忆表象,借以产生想象力:小女孩双手拢着“火”,因而感到一丝的温暖。当天寒地冻的时候,人们都会围着火炉,暖烘烘的。于是小女孩的眼前(小学生的眼前)出现了幻象:暖烘烘的火炉。再次,把语言文字--记忆表象--想象的画面(幻象)重叠起来,引导理解文章的主题:火柴灭了,投在墙上的光消失了(手心上“暖和”的感觉也消失了)于是幻象也破灭了。那短暂的温暖不可能奇迹般地救活这可怜的小女孩。最后引导学生从幻象中回到现实生活:她正想把脚也伸到“火炉”边烤一烤,但火柴灭了,她得不到她所想得到的暖和--在资本主义社会里,劳动人民的命运是多么悲惨呀!
把握“幻想”这个特色,使学生进入童话世界。这是理解童话内涵的必经之路。如果教师在教学过程中一味强调“幻象”就是“假”的,现实中不可能有的。那么学生就得不到感染,无疑只是把作品的思想感情强加给学生罢了。
i think students should share some housework with their parents. the reasons are as follows. first, doing some housework can enable the students to have some sense of responsibility. there is a lot of housework in each family. as a member of the family, each one should do his or her share. since a student is a member of the family, undoubtedly, he is of no eception. in the second place, doing some housework can give the student opportunities to get to know his parents better. by doing housework, a student will know how hard it is for his parents to go to work everyday while raising a
family. he will make even greater efforts in his study later on. finally, doing some housework can give the student a chance to do some physicaleercises. since the student has to sit studying most of the time, this is certainly beneficial to his health.in light of the above, i strongly recommend that those who are not in the habit of doing housework start doing some right now. your parents will be pleased and you will learn something from it.
these young people are wrong. in my opinion every student should have a knowledge of housework. after all, they will have a family of their own, and they should do their part in keeping a good home. boys should also learn to do housework, for what will they do if they remain single? though not all boys remain single, yet they will be very helpful in the family if they know some housework. anyhow they will not lose anything, but, on the contrary, they will gain something useful.
for what i said above, we can find some eamples of our fellow-students studying abroad. all young men do housework as girls do. someone would argue that we can employ servants. this is true. however, what shall we do if the servant leaves us and all things are left to ourselves? we just cannot leave our clothes as they are and let worms and ants eat them up. and what can we do it we go and study in a foreign country where servants are out our means to employ? we must work for ourselves. why not start to learn to do housework now or else it will be too late? everyone should learn to do housework. what do you think about my idea, boys and girls?
The end of the summer,should have a good rest! But my mother is very busy。 As the daughter of course I want to help my mother to do some。 Early in the morning I got up, washed the dishes, sweep the floor, cooking and so on, at noon, I tired, lying on the bed, fan fan, more comfortable。 终于放暑假了,应该好好歇歇了!可是妈妈很忙。作为女儿的我当然要帮妈妈分担些了。一大清早的我就起来了,帮妈妈洗碗,扫地,做饭等等,到了中午,我快累死了,往床上一躺,扇扇电风扇,舒服多了。
nowadays, we can see some boys and girls who live in a small world of their own. they bury themselves among books and are proud of themselves. they think that it will make them lose their face if they do housework for they often think themselves very noble.
these young people are wrong. in my opinion every student should have a knowledge of housework. after all, they will have a family of their own, and they should do their part in keeping a good home. boys should also learn to do housework, for what will they do if they remain single? though not all boys remain single,yet they will be very helpful in the family if they know some housework. anyhow they will not lose anything, but, on the contrary, they will gain something useful.
for what i said above, we can find some eamples of our fellow-students studying abroad. all young men do housework as girls do. someone would argue that we can employ servants. this is true.however, what shall we do if the servant leaves us and all things are left to ourselves? we just cannot leave our clothes as they are and let worms and ants eat them up. and what can we do it we go and study in a foreign country where servants are out our means to employ? we must work for ourselves. why not start to learn to do housework now or else it will be too late? everyone should learn to do housework. what do you think about my idea, boys and girls?
It was sunny and very hot today。I got up early and helped my parents cook breakfast。 Then I washed the dishes and cleaned the room。 After a short rest I did my homework in the morning。 In the afternoon I went swimming in the nearest swimming pool with my friends。 It was really cool to swim in such a hot day。 I surfed the internet and read a storybook in the evening。 I really had a busy and interesting day。 今天天气晴朗比较热。 我起得很早,帮父母做早饭。然后我洗碗打扫屋子。休息一会后我上午做作业。 下午我和朋友去我家最近的.游泳池游泳。 在如此炎热的夏天游泳的确很棒。 晚上我上网、看故事书。我今天很忙过得很有趣。
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