表格说明。即在说明事物或知识时,把与之有关的数字列成表格,插于说明文字之中。表中所列项目,根据说明需要而定。这样说明,既清晰集中,又能进行比较,便于理解和记忆。例如《万紫千红的花》这篇说明文第七自然节,在说明花的颜色时,就列出了表格:
这个表格里的项目有花的颜色和种数两类,共有9种花色,从而形成比较,有力地说明了花色之中白色最多黑色最少的`特点,将被说明的对象介绍得一清 二楚。至于花的姿态,花的开放时间以及花呈不同色彩的原因,表中均末列项,这就既紧扣了课题万紫千红,又突出了说明的重点。
插图说明。有些事物须用图示才能说得清楚,如某种新产品的介绍,某种科学知识的解说,某种复杂的事物的说明等,就常常在文学中配上插图或示意 图,以助文字说明。例如《统筹方法》,在介绍统筹方法时,就先后列举了三个示意图,一是相互关系箭头图,二是工作合并图,三是数字表示任务图,分别如下:
这三幅示意图,形象地再现了统筹方法的主要内容,通过图示不难看出,关系清楚,顺序明了,谁优谁劣不言而喻,从而使这种复杂的科学方法简单化了,给人以鲜明直观的深刻印象,是语言文字所无法比拟的。
运用图表助示法说明事物,表格的项目不可设计过繁,将可比的几个事物或几种知识的主要比项列出即可。图表应放在文中与被说明文字密切相关之处。 图表虽是全文的有机组成部分,但不可过多运用,它只是为文字服务的,起助说作用,图表一多,令人眼花缭乱,容易给人以厌烦和累赘之感。
There is no consensus [kn'senss] 一致of opinions among people about X(争论的焦点。Some people are of the view that 观点1,while others take an opposite side, firmly believing that 观点2。As far as I am concerned, the former/latter notion(观念 is preferable in many senses. The reasons are obvious. First of all, 论据1。 Furthermore, 论据2。
Among all of the supporting evidences, one is the strongest. That is, 论据3。 A natural conclusion from the above discussion is that总结观点。 As a college student, I am supposed to 表决心. 或 From above, we can predict that 预测
People hold different views about X. Some people are of the opinion that 观点1, while others point out that 观点2. As far as I am concerned, the former/latter opinion holds more weight. For one thing, 论据1. For another, 论据2.
Last but not the least, 论据3.
To conclude, 总结观点. As a college student, I am supposed to 表决心. 或 From above, we can predict that 预测.
Dear Mary,
You said in your letter that many of your classmates wore fashionableclothes, but you couldn't afford them so you felt very depressed. There are dif-ferent views on people's clothes. The followings are my ideas:
Firstly, you shouldn't put too much emphasis on physical appearance.
Remember that the most important task for you today is to concentrate on yourstudies. No matter what you wear, you will really look your best when youcome out first in your examinations.
Secondly, you should understand that it is a fine virtue to live in fru-gality. Just as a famous saying goes, Frugality is the mother of virtue.
Since your family can't provide you with enough money to buy fashionableclothes, it is all the more necessary for you to try to lighten the financialburden of your family. And you will find the virtue of frugality benefit youa lot in your future life.
I hope you understand what I mean. Hope you will take a positive attitudetowards life and will be happy again when you read my letter.
Yours,
Anne
(1)摘要式:即将书中或文章中一些重要观点、精彩警辟语句,有用数据和材料摘抄下来,目的是积累各种资料,为科研、教学、学习和工作作好准备。可按原书或原文系统摘录;也可摘录重要论点和段落;还可摘录重要数字。
(2)评注式:评注式笔记不单摘录,还要写出自己对这些要点的看法和评价。常用方法有书头批注。即在书中重要地方用笔打上符号或在空白处加批注、折页作记号;也可用提纲方法把书和文章论点或主要论据扼要记叙下来;还可用摘要式综合全文要点、记下主要内容;读完全书或全文对得失加以评论也是一种方法。
(3)心得式:即读后感。是读书或读文章后写出的自己的认识、感想、体会和启发。常用方法有:札记,也叫札记,是摘记要点与心得结合的产物;心得,也叫读后感。将读书体会、感想、收获写出来;综合观点、见解,提出自己看法并记录下来,也是很好的读书方法。
(4)记载式:1)笔记本。成册笔记本可用来抄原文、写提纲、记心得、写综述。长处是便于保存,缺点是不便分类,但可按类单独成册。 2)活页本。可用来记各种各样笔记。便于分类,节约纸张和日后查阅。 3)卡片。好处便于分类,可按目排列,便于灵活调动又节省纸张,但篇幅小,内容不宜长。 4)剪报。把报纸和有用资料剪下来,长文章可贴在笔记本或活页本上,短小材料可贴在卡片上。剪报材料可加评注,也可分类张贴,要注明出处,以便使用。 5)全文复印。重要读书材料,为保持完整性,可全文复印编目分类留用。
Dear my father and mother,
This letter is my inner feelings. I want to thank both of you for so many years’ care and help.
During my growth, you have made a lot of efforts and love for me. When I make a success, both of you are more excited than me, and support me to do better. Even though I have failed, you always share sorrow with me and encourage me not to give up. Especially, during my preparation for CET-4, the support from you is always everywhere. I have passed the exam successfully.
You love is so unselfish that I am deeply affected, so I will study hard to be a useful person and won’t make you disappointed. Anyway, I would like to express the deep gratitude to you.
With best wishes.
Sincerely yours,
Li Ming
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