1。Whereas
该词意为:considering that, “鉴于”,“就(而论”,常用于合同协议书的开头段落以引出合同双方订立合同的理由或依据。如:Whereas Party A desires to use the Patented Technology of Party B to manufacture and sell the Contract Products……鉴于甲方希望利用乙方的专利技术制造并销售合同产品。
2。Whereby
该词意为:by the agreement, by the following terms and conditions,“凭此协议”,“凭此条款”,常用于合同协议书中以引出合同当事人应承担的主要合同义务。如:
A sales contract refers to a contract whereby the seller transfers the ownership of an object to the buyer and the buyer pays the price for the object。 句中a contract whereby the seller transfers……意为:a contract by which the seller transfers……
以上是对外经贸合同英语中几个典型旧体词用词方面的重要的特点,笔者希望初涉外经贸合同的教师和学生予以留意,有针对性地学习,达到事半功倍的效果;也希望进行外贸合同写作时也能把握住这几个特点,写出好的外经贸合同,顺利地进行外贸业务往来。
I’m writing to tell you about the discussion we havehad about whether an entrance
fee should be charged for parks.
Dear editor,
I’m writing to tell you about the discussion we have had about whether an entrance fee should be charged for parks. 60% of us schoolmates think that an entrance fee do not meet people’s expectations, for a park is considered to be a place where the public can have a good time when they are not busy either at home or at work. If an entrance fee must be paid by the visitors for a park, it will be necessary to build a gate and surrounding walls. In the end a city will take on a bad look. 40% of us schoolmates think that an entrance fee can be accepted, but it must not be too expensive. The money from ticket selling can be used for paying the gardeners in the park and buying some other kinds of flowers and trees.
With regard to myself, I think an entrance fee is useful, for it can be used to protect a park. Do we share the same opinion, dear editor?
Yours truly,
Li Hua
1。hereby
该词意为by means of , by reason of this, by this agreement,“特此”,“因此”,“兹”,“在此”。此词常用作法律、经贸文件、合同、协议书等正式文件的开头语,在合同条款中需特别强调时也可用,表示当事人借此合约,要宣示某种具有法律效力的“意思表示”,如保证、同意、放弃权利等,一般放于主语后,紧邻主语。如:The Company hereby covenants and warrants that…… 意为:By this agreement the Company covenants and warrants that……即:公司在此保证……再如:Both parties hereby agree that……意为:By this agreement both parties agree that……即:双方当事人在此同意……
2。hereof
该词意为:of this agreement,“关于此点”;“在本文件中”,表示上文已提及的“本合同的、本文件的……”,一般置于要修饰的名词的后面,与之紧邻。如:to take effect on the date hereof 意为:to take effect on the date of this agreement 即:于本合约之日期生效。再如:the headings of the sections hereof 意为:the headings of the sections of this agreement 即:本合约各条款之标题。
3。hereto
该词意为:to this agreement,“至此”,“在此”,表示上文已提及的“本合同的……本文件的……”,一般置于要修饰的`名词的后面,与之紧邻。如:both parties hereto 意为both parties to this agreement,即本合约之当事人双方;items specified in Attachment I and hereto 意为:items specified in Attachment I to this agreement 即:本合约之附件I所列之各项。
4。herein
该词意为:in this agreement,“此中”,“于此”,表示上文已提及的“本合同(中)的……,本法(中)的……”等,一般置于所修饰词后,紧邻所修饰词。如:to file a suit in the court agreed to herein 意为:to file a suit in the court agreed to in this agreement 即:向当事人于本合约中同意管辖的法院提起诉讼;再如:to follow the terms and conditions herein 意为:to follow the terms and conditions in this agreement,即:遵守本合约所规定的条件。
5。hereinafter
该词意为:later in the same Contract,“以下”,“在下文”,一般与to be referred to as, referred to as, called 等词组连用,以避免重复。
6。hereunder
该词意为:under this agreement,“在本合约内”、“依据本合约”。如:obligations hereunder,意为obligations under this agreement,即“本合约内的义务”。再如:rights granted hereunder,意为rights granted under this agreement,即“依本合约所赋予的权利”。
坐在教室里,听着同学们的读书声,声音在狭小的空间里碰撞,一直这样层层叠叠地,传向远方。所有的人都在努力,所有的人都在学习,唯恐放慢了脚步,看不见前方的路。恍恍惚惚中,有些人已经失去了方向。到底是为什么要学习呢?
很多人错误的认为,学习,是了美好的前途。现在社会,竞争激烈,全球都以学习来粉刷思想和未来,这是现实的。大家就只了解学习是为了考好的大学,找好的工作,住好的.房子。我们的学习二字,就在我们的挤挤嚷嚷中,撕掉了它原来的本意和真谛。“只有好好学习,才有美好未来”的思想,似乎成立了。
其实,并非如此。学习是为了充实生活!生活本是单调的,只有我们自己给它注入色彩,它才会可爱。看看头上的这片天空,是学习把它刷成了干净的蓝色;看看脚下的这片麦地,是学习为它洗成了金黄的光泽;看看身边的这些孩子,是学习给他添满了失真的笑容。还不只这些,黄河是知识汇聚而成的;珠穆朗玛峰是知识堆积而成的;埃菲尔铁塔是知识铸造而成的,放眼望去,所有的一切都是知识建造的!而个人的学习修养,可以焕发人生的光彩,放飞无限的光芒。学习不是为了父母,不是为了利益,而是为了让你拥有精彩的人生。当然,那些将来美好的前途只是知识在无形中赠给你的礼物,而你真正学习知识的理由并非是为了那些。
与其以你那颗忐忐忑忑的心去寻找美好,还不如用满腹的诗书去粉刷世界!与其职守着你那颗脆弱的信念,还不如微笑对待接下来的学习!只要以一颗疑问的心对待学习,你会发现它的无限趣味。你准备好了吗?我已经准备好了!
学习,我正拥着一颗虔诚的心向你迈来。
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