一般记叙文和童话教学过程都应该是启发学生理解文章主题的过程。引导学生从语言文字入手,去掌握文章的具体内容,再领会文章的思想感情,即“披文以入情”。
对小珊迪形象的理解,应首先从分析小珊迪“求卖心切”的原因,来理解小珊迪纯朴的性格;再从分析小珊迪“人穷志不穷”,在生命垂危的情况下,派弟弟送回“找头”的事迹,来理解诚实的性格;最后,再从小珊迪临终托弟(孤)怆然逝去的.不幸遭遇来理解他善良的性格。
同样,对卖火柴小女孩的形象理解也应该经历“披文入情”的过程。但童话教学在这个过程中应该抓住“幻想”这个特征。固然,在理解的过程中想象是十分重要的。要使抽象的文字,在儿童脑海中变成活生生的生活画面,没有想象力是不可能做到的。但“想象”要有个基础,那就是字词概念所反映的客观事物(作为记忆表象贮存于大脑中)。因此,引导学生理解的过程,就是启发想象的过程。可见“启发想象”是一般记叙文和童话都应该重视的教法与学法。但童话中的想象多以幻想的形式出现。幻想是创造想象的一种特殊形式,是一种与生活愿望相结合并指向未来的想象。童话中的幻想一般是以主人翁的“有意幻想”(一种从实际出发,以现实生活发展的规律为依据的,经过一定努力可以实现的幻想,也叫理想)形式出现的。是借幻觉写真情的。而儿童的幻想往往有明显的直观性、虚构性和明显的社会性、历史性。因此在童话的教与学活动中,就要突出幻想的这个特征。当教学到卖火柴的小女孩临终前,三次擦燃火柴,三次看到幻象时,就要遵循幻想的规律,使这些幻象同样出现在小学生的脑际,使他们身历其境。首先,要理解小女孩脑际会出现此情此景是有其现实生活基础的,因此要学生先理解语言文字:“寒冷”就使人追求“暖和”,而“火”--即使是一根火柴的微弱的火--也能产生一丝的热。这就是小女孩在墙内敢于抽出一根火柴在墙上擦燃的原因。而对描写大街上、家里寒冷的语言文字的理解就是理解“擦燃火柴取暖”的基础。其次,要调动学生的记忆表象,借以产生想象力:小女孩双手拢着“火”,因而感到一丝的温暖。当天寒地冻的时候,人们都会围着火炉,暖烘烘的。于是小女孩的眼前(小学生的眼前)出现了幻象:暖烘烘的火炉。再次,把语言文字--记忆表象--想象的画面(幻象)重叠起来,引导理解文章的主题:火柴灭了,投在墙上的光消失了(手心上“暖和”的感觉也消失了)于是幻象也破灭了。那短暂的温暖不可能奇迹般地救活这可怜的小女孩。最后引导学生从幻象中回到现实生活:她正想把脚也伸到“火炉”边烤一烤,但火柴灭了,她得不到她所想得到的暖和--在资本主义社会里,劳动人民的命运是多么悲惨呀!
把握“幻想”这个特色,使学生进入童话世界。这是理解童话内涵的必经之路。如果教师在教学过程中一味强调“幻象”就是“假”的,现实中不可能有的。那么学生就得不到感染,无疑只是把作品的思想感情强加给学生罢了。
Zeng Qiao is one of my friends. She is a beautiful, outgoingand good-tempered girl. She smiles frequently. I think it’s her smile that makes her beauty. We live in the same dormitory, so that we always stay together, no matter going to classroom or having dinners. At first, I don’t like her very much, because she is always talking. It seems that she can’t stop open her mouth. I am a little bit quiet and introverted, so I seldom talk to others. But gradually, I find that she can have influence on others by what she says. Zeng Qiao likes sharing interesting things with others. For example, she likes telling us her funny stories of her childhood or her former classmates. She always tells me that I should be more extroverted and learn to talk to others. Under the influence of her, I communicate with others more frequently and I find that it feels so great. I am so grateful that I can have such a good friend.
曾巧是我的一个朋友,她是个漂亮活泼,脾气又好的女孩子。她很喜欢笑,我觉得是她的笑容使她看上去漂亮。我们住同一间宿舍,因此不管是去教室还是吃饭都形影不离。之前我并不喜欢她,我认为她太喜欢说话了,总是停不住她的嘴。相反我性格内向,喜欢安静,很少跟别人说话。但是渐渐地,我发现她是个善于用言语影响别人的女孩子,她喜欢跟别人分享有趣的事,那些童年的故事或是以前同学的事情。她经常开导我要变得外向,多试着跟别人说话。在她的.影响下,我跟别人交流也更多了,并且发现这感觉非常好。我觉得有这样的朋友很幸运!
I have a very good friend. His name is Philip. As far as I'm concerned, he's very kind-hearted and generous. Once I was in high school, he treated me friendly and sincerely. When I was happy, he was also happy with me. When I was sad, he always comforted me. When I was defeated, he always encouraged me. When I stumbled, he always pulled me up. Although we quarreled at times, we were still in good relationships. We could know each other better after the argument. When my birthday came, he always sent me a special present.
我有一个很好的朋友。他的名字叫菲利普。我觉得他是非常善良和慷慨的。当我在高中的时候,他对我很友好、很真诚。我高兴的时候,他也和我一起开心。当我难过时,他总是安慰我。当我失败时,他总是鼓励我。当我迷茫时,他总是拉我一把。尽管有时候我们会吵架,我们关系仍然很好。争吵之后我们可以更好的了解对方。我生日的时候,他总是送我一份特别的礼物。
He's very hard-working and intelligent. He always studied hard at school. Because of his hard work, he always did very well in exams. His oral English was better than mine. Most of the time, he was willing to chat with me in English. Owing to his help, I made a lot of progress in oral English.
他非常勤劳也很聪明。在学校他总是很努力学习。由于他的努力,他总是能在中取得好成绩。他的英语口语比我好。大多数时候他都愿意用英语和我聊天。由于他的帮助,我在英语口语方面取得了很大的进步。
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