1。thereof
以”there”为前缀加上介词构成的词,如thereafter, thereby, therein, thereinafter, thereinbefore, thereon, thereof, thereunder, thereupon, therewith等,在文中具体指什么,需要读者依照合同的上下文来判断,因而理解起来比较复杂,请看下例:
This Agreement is written in the English language。 In case of any discrepancy between the English version and any translation thereof, the English text shall govern。 句中”the English version and any translation thereof”从上下文判断意为 “the English version and any translation of the English version”,即thereof一词代替of the English version。与以here开头的词如hereof的理解方法类似。
2。therein
该词意为in that, in that particular
context, in that respect,“在那里”,“在那点上”,“在那方面”,表示上文已提及的“合同中的”“工程中的”。如:the contract or any part thereof意为the contract or any part of the contract,合同或合同的任何部分。
3。thereto
该词意为:to that,“随附”,“附之”,如:“Contract Products” means the products specified in Appendix 2 to this Contract, together with all improvements and modifications thereof or developments with respect thereto。 句中or developments with respect thereto 意为:or developments with respect to the developments。
4。thereunder
该词意为:under that, “在其下”,“依照”,如:The Borrower fails to pay any amount payable thereunder as and when such amount shall become payable。 句中any amount payable thereunder意为any amount payable under the contract。
1。Whereas
该词意为:considering that, “鉴于”,“就(而论”,常用于合同协议书的开头段落以引出合同双方订立合同的理由或依据。如:Whereas Party A desires to use the Patented Technology of Party B to manufacture and sell the Contract Products……鉴于甲方希望利用乙方的专利技术制造并销售合同产品。
2。Whereby
该词意为:by the agreement, by the following terms and conditions,“凭此协议”,“凭此条款”,常用于合同协议书中以引出合同当事人应承担的主要合同义务。如:
A sales contract refers to a contract whereby the seller transfers the ownership of an object to the buyer and the buyer pays the price for the object。 句中a contract whereby the seller transfers……意为:a contract by which the seller transfers……
以上是对外经贸合同英语中几个典型旧体词用词方面的重要的特点,笔者希望初涉外经贸合同的教师和学生予以留意,有针对性地学习,达到事半功倍的效果;也希望进行外贸合同写作时也能把握住这几个特点,写出好的外经贸合同,顺利地进行外贸业务往来。
Green grasses,blue lakes and beautiful mountains are waiting for you!Welcome to colorful nature pare!
There is a clean river. There are some colorful flowers. There is a beautiful mountain near the nature park. The air is fresh. The sky is blue. The clouds are white. The tree is green. The bridge is tall. The grass is green. I can run on the grass. There is a path near the lake. There are many fish in the lake. There is a forest in the nature park. There are many trees on the mountains. There are many flowers near the path.
Look! There are some birds in the sky. One, two, three…… oh! So many!
项目合同的后评估本身是一个比较复杂的事项,建筑施工项目的特殊性更加大了项目合同后评估管理的难度。目前,在初步推进建筑施工项目合同后评估管理的时候应该沿着抓重点的逻辑首先抓好几个主要要点。具体而言,笔者认为主要有如下几点:
首先,确定评估主体。建筑施工项目合同的后评估管理工作并不可能针对特定的单一项目,而是着眼于应用在特定企业组织可能启动的系列建筑施工项目,涉及的相关方比较多,需要有一个稳定的组织主体推进和工作机制支撑。对此,主要应该有三方面内容,一是确定领导组织,一般应该有诸如总经理等岗位的主要领导担任组长,主管项目的副总经理、总工程师、总会计师及工程负责部门、劳务负责部门、设备负责部门、市场开发部门、财务支撑部门等相关部门的负责人参与其中,确保有人牵头协调;二是根据特定企业组织建筑施工项目情况及相关部门的设置情况,明确工程负责部门、劳务负责部门、设备负责部门、市场开发部门、财务支撑部门的各自职责,确保各微观事项有专人负责;三是根据特定企业组织信息系统构建情况及具体工作机制的完善情况,尽量依托信息系统,打造建筑项目施工后评估管理各参与方的工作机制,确保他们信息共享、反馈机制、协调和谐,确保后评估工作可以有序推进。
其次,收集评估依据。建筑施工项目合同的后评估实际上是将实际预期发生情况和所签订合同之间的一种对比和分析,所以在确定评估组织主体之后,第二个重点应该是收集评估证据。对此,主要内容是一个前提和一个重点。一个前提是研究所签订合同及相关文件资料,熟悉施工图纸,掌握投标报价中的降造系数、不平衡报价等隐含的`信息,掌握工程概况及业主的要求条件,通过合同熟悉相关事项,确定评估证据收集的重点和方向,以便确保后续工作有的放矢;一个重点是强化现场勘查,以实地田野调查的方式获取建筑材料、施工条件、水土人情、工程辅助企业、当地行情等各方面的情况。比如在施工条件方面,主要完成主要完成砼搅拌站、存梁场、改良土(级配碎石、拌合站、轨料场等材料厂的调查。需要注意的是,这里的调查一定是现场进行的,坚持获取一手可信材料,以确保评估证据的可行度和相关性。
再次,强化审核重心。在建筑施工合同的后评估管理中,需要强化的审核重心有两点,一是施工图纸,要在现场复测确定现场实际工作量的基础上,完成合同、施工图及实际工程数量对照表;二是施工组织设计,从降低施工成本方面考虑,如供水供电方式,施工队伍的选择,机械设备的配置,土方调配方式、购土及取土运距,材料的利用,主要工程的组织方式,料价的招议标确定方式等,经多方研讨论证,对投标文件的施工组织设计进行细化,对主要工程进行多方案的比选和优化。在此基础上编制成本预(估算,即依据优化的施工组织设计和主要工程方案,计算工程实际工作量,对比中标合同价,分析分部分项工程或单位工程预算价,计算项目成本。
最后,优化调整策划索赔。在对审核重心进行分析审核的基础上,尤其是基于对成本预算与中标合同价的对比分析,进一步优化调整施工组织方案,在优化调整中分析成本预算价,不断地使成本降低至最合理点,最终确定各项经济指标及费用。另外,还应该从分析确定的指标中进一步找出经营的风险之处,以此制订项目索赔策划,以便最大化地维护公司及项目组的利益。
Last Saturday,with all my classmates and teachers,I went on a trip to the nature park .We departed from school at about half past seven and spent about 40 minutes travelling to our destination.When we first entered into the park,all of us were shocked by the natural beauty and the hamonized ecosystem of the park.Then,happily we were playing games on the sand; swimming in the pool and taking with our friends on the grassplot.After lunch break,our programs were continued with an contest of story narating held and each of us was immerging within the funny stories We left the part at about 5 o'clock,and unitl now,most of us are still haunted by the beautiful memory of that trip.
I tried my best to calm down for a long time. Then I went to the platform to begin my prepared speech.
I felt my brain was blank when I was having my speech.
Before the election, I was confident for this position, but I still so nervous when I was in the platform. Thanks for preparing in advance; otherwise, I must be embarrassed. But the result was what I want. It’s a happy thing.
今天,我们班竞选班长了。`我成为了新的'班长。我很高兴,不过我现在仍然很紧张。竞选开始的时候,我好紧张,我都可以听到我的心怦怦跳了。我努力了很长一段时间才平静下来。然后我才走向讲台开始我已经准备好的演讲。在演讲的时候,我觉得我的大脑一片空白。在竞选之前,我对这一职位是很有信心,但当我站在讲台上时还是很紧张。幸好提前准备了;否则,我肯定很难堪。不过结果却是我想要的。这是一件值得开心的事
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