中唐是中国文学传统乃至文化传统发生深刻变化的历史时期,宋代及其后世的许多文化现象都是在中唐崭露头角的。换句话说,这是中国文学传统的一个新开端,它孕育这不同以往的新的美学规范。在杨晓山的这本《私人领域的变形:唐宋诗歌中的'园林与玩好》中,我们能够品读出在这一独特的时期、在这个被宇文所安目之为中国的“中世纪”时期的诗歌不一样的味道。
在本书中,作者从“私人领域”这一独特的视角,为我们展现了诗歌的另一种独特魅力。它不仅为我们打开了一个可居可游的、充满诗意的文化审美空间,同时也展示了这个精致文雅的私人空间是如何在“修身齐家治国平天下”的文化结构中收到挤压并开始变形的。从书中,我们能够看出,作者认为这种抽象的“私人领域”是需要一个空间的,而这个空间首先就是园林。因此,在我的阅读过程中发现,虽然他并不是全部关注于园林,但他在书中所讨论时,都直接地或间接地与园林文化的方方面面相关。
伟大的诗人白居易高呼“谁能将我语,问尔骨肉间:岂无穷贱者,忍不救饥寒?如何奉一身,直欲保千年?不见马家宅,今作奉诚园。”奢华的奉城园与人民贫困的生活形成了鲜明的对比。
在书中,作者重点从诗人白居易的诗来着重体现“私人领域”这一独特视角。这是白居易的《伤宅》中的句子,我们能够从他的诗句中看出唐诗人对过度奢华的不满,他将笔墨集中在园林宅第上。此诗通过对权贵们的豪华宅第及奢华生活的描绘,对豪门显贵的奢侈之风进行了无情的揭露和抨击。全诗的语言朴实,描写细腻,感情悲愤沉郁,深刻反映出中唐时期整个统治阶层享乐腐化,不思进取的社会现实,表达了诗人对民生疾苦关注和对国家命运的忧虑之情。并且,在后文中作者认为园林不仅仅是一个容身之所,更是一种中隐的归宿之地,更是一种精神的归宿。作者还列举出李德裕的诗。他的诗有许许多多都是写自己的园林的,他喜欢自己园林的生活,喜欢自己园林的一切,甚至,他想让自己的这座园林一直的被子孙后代传承下去。园林就是自己的家。在白居易的诗中,他很好的将“家”和“邦”两者联系起来,家的好坏与主人的个人品性有着极大的关系,家与国更是休戚相关。
The bicycle is the most popular means of transportation in China. China is a country “on bicycle wheels”。 People ride them for various purposes such as going to and from school and work. Bicycles are very cheap and easy to buy in China.
There are many advantages to riding a bicycle. First, using a bicycle can greatly help reduce the air pollution in many big cities. Second, people can improve their health by riding a bicycle.
The future of bicycle will be bright. In some European countries, city governments have arranged pedestrians to use “public bicycles” to travel round the city center free of charge.
City traffic is a big problem in some cities in the world, especially in big cities. To solve the problem, someone are in favor of developing buses as means of city traffic. Others are in favor of the subway. Between them,which is the better choice?
在世界上的一些城市中城市交通是一个大问题,尤其是大城市。为了解决这个问题,有人赞成发展公交车作为城市交通的方式。另一些人则赞成地铁。在它们之间,哪个是更好的`选择?
It is easier to take buses as means of city traffic than the subway trains because buses don't need special roads. But buses have also many disadvantages, some of which are very serious. They may cause louder noise and more traffic accidents. Buses give rise to serious air pollution and traffic jam. In order to stop what buses cause, a large amount of hand must be used to widen the roads. On the contrary, the subway train is of more advantages. Except the difficulty and high cost of building the subway, it is superior to the buses in many aspects.
公共汽车作为城市交通方式要比地铁容易,因为公共汽车不需要特别的道路。但是公交车也许多缺点,有些是非常严重的。他们可能会导致噪音和更多的交通事故。公共汽车也导致了严重的空气污染和交通堵塞。为了阻止公交车带来的后果,必须用大量的人力来拓宽道路。相反,地铁列车有着更多的优势。除了建设地铁的难度和高成本外,在许多方面它都优于公共汽车。
Taking the advantages and disadvantages together into consideration,I would be in favor of developing the subway train as soon as possible.
把优点和缺点一起考虑,我会赞成尽快发展地铁。
这八天的校园生活,可以说,它既给我带来了快乐,但是,它也给我带来了悲伤!
在星期一的下午,我依旧在写着英语作业,这个时候,一道题,使我陷入了久久地沉思中……时间一分一秒的过去,我还是浸在这道题的海洋中……这时,我想起了她——我的`英语老师!
于是,便打算和朋友去问题,可是,老师还在她的班级,不出来,没有办法,只到站在走廊里面等待着……
天空渐渐地黑了下来,我和朋友有一些无聊,便开始说笑,玩耍,打闹,正当她把我从教室里推出来的时候,英语老师从她的班级里出来了。
当我看到了寇老师,心里便开始紧张了起来,一串串问号马上蹿到了我的脑中:“完了完了,我和朋友玩耍,肯定让寇老师看到了,她会不会说我呢?会不会……都是xx推我,不然才不会……”想到这里,我迅速跑回了班里,马上把朋友拉了出来,想趁现在去问题,可是,老师已经到了办公室。
没有办法,我们只好向办公室走去,一路上,我们是打打闹闹地来到了办公室。没有想到,到了办公室门口,我们又开始议论,让谁先进办公室,最后,朋友没有任何办法,只好先进了。
一进办公室,老师为我们讲解完我们的问题后,就对我们说:“这两个人可在班里面玩儿好了,现在就开始笑呀!看看!笑的!”老师一边笑,一边对我们说。我和朋友都不约而同的笑了起来。
可是,在第二天发生的事情,让我永远都无法忘记。
那天下午,我和朋友照旧去问题,这次是朋友有不懂的题。
到了办公室,老师为我们讲题,还时不时地问我们一些问题,可是,也不知道为什么,平时那些我都会,怎么一到这里,全部都忘了?可能是紧张的原因吧!寇老师见我们半天没有回答,就对我们说:“哎呀!我真想一人揍你们一下!”而且,她的表情,不是生气的表情,虽然是笑着说的,但是,可以看出,她简直是无可奈何,连这么简单的问题,都回答不上来,老师能不这样嘛!
当我们走出了办公室,寇老师又突然对我们说:“学过的东西都忘地光光的!”我和朋友听后,都不好意思的笑了。
开学后的这两件事情,我永远都不会忘记,因为,老师这样做,都是关心我们,我不会辜负您对我们的期望!
Bicycle is a convinient means of transporation. It has been very popular in China. During the rush hours, particularly in big cities, you can often see a sea of bicycle riders in the streets. People can ride bicycles to their working places, to schools, to shopping centers and so on. In a word, bicycles play an important role in daily life.
Compared with cars, bicycles have many advantages. Firstly, they are not so expensive as cars and almost every family can afford to buy and repair them. Secondly, riding bicycle is a healthy form of exercise. They do good to our health. Thirdly, bicycles can save energy and does not cause any pollution, while cars will cause serious air pollution, which makes the air in our living place very dirty and makes a lot of people suffer from lung cancer. As we all know, China is a country with a large population. Ifeach family has a car, a large amount of energy would be wasted and air pollution would become more and more serious. Finally, most Chinese people don’ t live far away from where they work or study, it is convenient to ride bicycles. I think that is why bicycles are used so much.
Bicycles are so popular in China that China is often referred to as the kingdom of bicycles. I hope more and more people can ride bicycles in order to make our planet better and cleaner.
自行车是一种方便的交通工具。它在中国非常受欢迎。在高峰期间,尤其是在大城市,你可以经常在街上看到自行车骑手。人们可以骑自行车上班,学校、购物中心等等。总之,自行车在日常生活中起着重要的作用。
与汽车相比,自行车有许多优点。首先,他们不是很昂贵的汽车,几乎家家都能买得起和修理它们。其次,骑自行车是一种健康的运动。他们对我们的健康有益。第三,自行车可以节约能源,不会造成任何污染,而汽车会造成严重的空气污染,使我们生活的地方的空气变得非常脏,使很多人患有肺癌。我们都知道,中国是一个人口众多的国家。如果每个家庭都有一辆汽车,就会浪费掉大量的能源,而且空气污染会越来越严重。最后,大多数中国人不远离他们工作或学习生活,骑自行车很方便。我认为这就是自行车在中国大量使用的原因。
自行车在中国如此受欢迎,中国通常被称为自行车王国。我希望越来越多的`人可以骑自行车为了让我们的地球更好的和更清洁的。
In 2080, cars are going to be different. The car of new type is made from China. The motor is quicker than other cars. The car can be droved 500 kilometers per hour.
Computers are going to be inside every car. It is going to control the car. You don’t need to be worried about the red light.
The car is going to go on special tracks above the city. It would be not so crowded and noisy.
There is a special air conditioner in the car. In winter you can be warm there. In summer you can be pleasantly cool.
If you have this car, you will be very fashionable.
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