近日,听了几节新课程展示课,关汉卿《窦娥冤》(节选)、辛弃疾《水龙吟·登建康赏心亭》、钱钟书《谈中国诗》,三节课敦促我渐渐厘清了对于问题的思考——“我们为什么上课?”
首先,为了学生的需要。课堂的存在不是因为我们要“展示”什么,而是学生有需要,学生的需要是我们存在的理由和价值。尤其母语的学习,尤其是高中生的学习。因为是母语,人人都懂一点,并非零起点,并非空白,因为是高中生,知情行意“不必不如师”。这就要求我们必须明了两个问题:学生需要什么?不需要什么?简而言之,就是研究学情。从学情入手,立足文本,研究学生的已知和未知,研究学生的需要,研究文本的价值方向和利用点。这里的研究不是备课时的单相推定,而是基于细致的了解、征询,尤其是课堂现场的因势象形。要让学生自己知道自己的需要,要让学生说出自己的需要,这就要求我们给时间、给空间,给指导、给方法。备课的着力点不在于怎样教,而在于让学生怎样学,学什么,学到什么程度,基于“学”,定乎教。课堂的起点应该始于学生的阅读、思考、体验,以及随之而来的疑惑和需要。这才是“教-学”的本义。
钱钟书《谈中国诗》一文处在必修五第三单元,该单元是必修中唯一的文艺评论和文艺随笔,阅读有一定的难度,但因为“唯一”其教学价值更重要。单元提示即要求把握文章的基本观点,学习关于欣赏、评论文艺作品的规律的知识,参照文章的写法尝试作一点分析和评论,以提升学生的审美品位,增强文艺评论能力。研究学生的需要就是研究学生的“能”与“不能”,作为高二的学生是能够理清本文思路把握基本观点的,也就是说不需要我们帮助。本文所谈的中国诗的四个特点以及最后的观点是很明朗的,如果作为重点,可以训练学生快速阅读并用简洁的语言高度概括之,这一点倒是学生未必都“能”的。对于其中的“不能”也未必都是我们教学的目标,有些是我们“教也不能”的,比如本文的钱式语言的幽默智慧。而有些是我们“能教”的,也是必须教的,否则文本的教学价值将被流失。比如本文作为“唯一”的文艺评论性随笔,其比较文学的立场,(谈中国诗的传统方法一般是纵向的,而钱钟书先生则从横向的角度,在全球诗境中谈中国诗特征,具有很高的智性)对于诗歌等文艺作品欣赏评论的规律方法,以及此类随笔的写法(开篇取其大意,卒章显其精神,中间横加铺排,一以贯之,形成一个整体)是值得我们研习追摹的。此外,大家学者严谨周密的论述风格也是“需要”追随的。学生的“不能”在此,需要在此,我们的价值也在此。
其次,为了课程的目标。准确地说,是课程目标的分解细化与落实。具体到文本,应该就是其教学价值的设定。尤其当文本的价值因为学生的未知而不知道“需要”的时候,我们必须“强加”,否则就是“”。当前,学生主体地位、教学的非指示、课堂的生成等等概念常常被误解,造成课堂的媚俗与低就,丧失教学的引领拉动功能。我们之所以“教”不仅基于学生的“不能”还要着力于学生的“不知”,目的之一就是对学生的空白有所填补。
关汉卿《窦娥冤》(节选)出自必修四第一单元,节选的是《窦娥冤》第三折。应该认识到,戏剧教学一直是中学语文教学的“盲区”或者说薄弱环节,尽管新课程设计了《中外戏剧名作欣赏》选修,但我们实际上未必“选修”,这就造成学生对于戏剧这一悠久艺术门类认识的空白,不能不说这是极大的缺失。所以,必修中的`这一单元显得尤为难得,值得重视。但我们处理戏剧文本时常常把它混同于小说和诗词教学,分析其情节设计、人物形象无异于小说,欣赏曲词又几近乎诗词鉴赏,全然不关乎戏剧文本的特点,失去了“这一篇”的教学价值,即教会学生读剧本,看出剧本的特殊“门道”。本文属于元杂剧,对诸如结构设计、情节推进、人物塑造、舞台布置等分析,都应体现这一“类”的不同。譬如,剧本中的说白主要是为了推进故事情节,曲词只是辅助,曲词主要为表现人物的内心情感。对于戏剧(剧本)这一文学样式的认识是本文教学不可或缺的“需要”。当然,不能陷入知识性讲座的误区,也不必上升到专业的高度。结合文本,接触样式,认识规律,就是“门道”。
此外,更深远的取向是为了学生的“不需要”。教学上,牵手就是为了放手,辛弃疾《水龙吟·登建康赏心亭》一课的教学几乎就是大包大揽,从作者简介到注音解词、从词意概括到即兴写作。这首词出自教材必修四,单元目标设定为品味赏析,这节课的实际教学两点都没有完成,至少没有到位,尤其品味语言这一目标。这里,我想说的是,所谓文本只是一个例子,长期误导了我们。因为把它当例子,只顾迁移拓展,举一反三,忘却了文本、语言本身,大而无当,玄远缥缈。基础教育的语文学习在于培养语言的敏感、美感,在于深入、细读,语文教师惯常以似是而非、若即若离的东西满足学生的好奇心,顺便显示自己的“渊博”、“高深”。正是这种游离使得我们的学生长不大、放不了手,高三备考时的窘迫即全线暴露。就本课而言,并不是教学内容的问题,而是达成方式的问题,主要是结论给出得太快,课堂陷入“听讲”的窠臼,学生只是被动的受众。当然,这与课堂内容“太满”有关。诗词的学习关键在于让学生静心、尽力地深入文本、深入语言,体察、还原作者的情绪,进而了解诗词。
表现情感的特殊体式和方法,最终达成“不需要”我们也会读诗词这样的目标。为此,根本在于还给学生课堂的时间和空间,而不是为了把自己的“准备”尽数倾泻。日常教学的“慢”功,才是真正的以学生为主体,且为之计深远。
我们为什么上课?为了学生的“不知”、为了学生的“不能”、为了学生最终的“不需要”。所谓学生是课堂的主体,一直是一个口号。学生是我们课堂的服务对象,而不是被动的受众,我们不知道所服务对象的需要,或者根本不管不顾对象的需要,只是一味地灌输下去,不管其已知还是未知。久而久之,学生也就不知道自己需要什么,被动充当老师“多情”的受众,作虔诚状,作欣欣状。坐在课堂上,面对母语的学习,居然不知道自己要干什么,能干什么,是我们语文课堂最大的悲哀,但学生是无辜的。我们让学生忍受这样的“被服务”时日久矣。
i think students should share some housework with their parents. the reasons are as follows. first, doing some housework can enable the students to have some sense of responsibility. there is a lot of housework in each family. as a member of the family, each one should do his or her share. since a student is a member of the family, undoubtedly, he is of no eception. in the second place, doing some housework can give the student opportunities to get to know his parents better. by doing housework, a student will know how hard it is for his parents to go to work everyday while raising a
family. he will make even greater efforts in his study later on. finally, doing some housework can give the student a chance to do some physicaleercises. since the student has to sit studying most of the time, this is certainly beneficial to his health.in light of the above, i strongly recommend that those who are not in the habit of doing housework start doing some right now. your parents will be pleased and you will learn something from it.
these young people are wrong. in my opinion every student should have a knowledge of housework. after all, they will have a family of their own, and they should do their part in keeping a good home. boys should also learn to do housework, for what will they do if they remain single? though not all boys remain single, yet they will be very helpful in the family if they know some housework. anyhow they will not lose anything, but, on the contrary, they will gain something useful.
for what i said above, we can find some eamples of our fellow-students studying abroad. all young men do housework as girls do. someone would argue that we can employ servants. this is true. however, what shall we do if the servant leaves us and all things are left to ourselves? we just cannot leave our clothes as they are and let worms and ants eat them up. and what can we do it we go and study in a foreign country where servants are out our means to employ? we must work for ourselves. why not start to learn to do housework now or else it will be too late? everyone should learn to do housework. what do you think about my idea, boys and girls?
nowadays, we can see some boys and girls who live in a small world of their own. they bury themselves among books and are proud of themselves. they think that it will make them lose their face if they do housework for they often think themselves very noble.
these young people are wrong. in my opinion every student should have a knowledge of housework. after all, they will have a family of their own, and they should do their part in keeping a good home. boys should also learn to do housework, for what will they do if they remain single? though not all boys remain single,yet they will be very helpful in the family if they know some housework. anyhow they will not lose anything, but, on the contrary, they will gain something useful.
for what i said above, we can find some eamples of our fellow-students studying abroad. all young men do housework as girls do. someone would argue that we can employ servants. this is true.however, what shall we do if the servant leaves us and all things are left to ourselves? we just cannot leave our clothes as they are and let worms and ants eat them up. and what can we do it we go and study in a foreign country where servants are out our means to employ? we must work for ourselves. why not start to learn to do housework now or else it will be too late? everyone should learn to do housework. what do you think about my idea, boys and girls?
学生们在生活中都经常使用到手机,以至于我们都依赖手机。而我们时常能看到许多的学生利用手机查阅资料,或者是浏览新闻。在学习中,或多或少会存在玩手机游戏的现象,但却无法杜绝。但是,倘若学生们都没有了手机,他们的生活就像少了一种东西一样,他们不能方便的查阅资料,或者观看一些信息。这让生活很不便利,手机联通网络,是一部收集千万资料的工具,若是没有手机,他们便要拿起一桌子的书籍翻阅,极其的麻烦。
若是,学生身上没有了手机,无法联系外人,当朋友间发生紧急情况时,老师也不在附近,那该怎么办?所以说,手机也是最有用的防救工具。
所以,手机与生活日益密切,因此不能被请出校园。
Yesterday, our class had a discussion about whether junior students could ride electric bicycles to go to school. 25 students of our class agreed with it, because they said that it is convenient for them and it could take less time to go to school. If they took bus, sometimes the bus come late and it might make them late for school. But the other 35 students didn't agree with them. They said it is not safe for the junior students to get to school by electric bicycles, for they are too young. They also said in the morning the traffic was very busy and the students couldn't ride electric bicycles quickly. Besides, there are too much electric bicycles in the street now, they can get hurt easily.
昨天,我们班讨论了关于中学生是否该骑电单车上学的问题。班上25位同学表示赞同,因为他们认为这样比较方便而且更省时。如果他们坐公车,有时候公车来得晚就有可能使他们迟到。但是,另外的'35位同学不同意他们的看法。他们认为中学生骑电单车上学是不安全的,因为他们还太小了。他们还认为早上交通繁忙,学生骑车不能太快。而且,现在路上的电单车太多了,他们很容易受伤。
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