议论文就要以理服人。要做到言之有据,不但要说清“是这样”,更要说清“为什么是这样”。因此,做到“以理服人”就应该:
要“少而精”,不要“多而杂”。你所摆的事实,你所讲的道理,应该中肯。不能以
为说得越多就一定越充分,不能“以多取胜”,应该防止堆砌词句,罗列现象。
要有针对性。这就是要紧紧围绕中心论点发议论。讲正面论点,不能“节外生枝,打横炮”;反驳错误论点,更应该针对其谬误所在去批驳,不能讲与之无关的话。“互不相干”,“你说你的,我说我的”,是驳不倒对方的。
要讲清‘为什么”,不要只是去扣大帽子。特别是指出问题的严重性、危害性时更应该注意这一点。比如,写《随地吐痰要不得》这篇作文,有同学说:“随地吐痰对吗?当然不对!随地吐痰的行为很不文明,发展下去,就会堕落成为犯罪分子。”这话就说得过分了。
写议论又要注意用观点统率材料的问题就讲到这里。
Expert tips on how to prevent avian influenza H7N9 collated by current argument data dictionary
1.平时加强体育锻炼,多休息,避免过度劳累,不吸烟,勤洗手;注意个人卫生,打喷嚏或咳嗽时掩住口鼻。
1 usually strengthen physical exercise, rest more, avoid excessive overworked, do not smoke, wash their hands; pay attention to personal hygiene, when sneezing or coughing and cover your nose and mouth.
2.保持室内清洁,使用消毒液清洗的地毯,避免使用难以清洗的地毯,保持地面、天花板、家具及墙壁清洁,确保排水道通畅;保持室内空气流通,应每天开窗换气两次,每次至少10分钟,或使用抽气扇保持空气流通;尽量少去 空气不流通的场所。
2 keep the room clean, use disinfectant cleaning carpets, avoid the use of hard to clean the carpet, keep the floor, ceiling, furniture and walls clean, to ensure smooth drainage channel; maintains the indoor air circulation, ventilation windows should be at least two times a day, 10 minutes each time, or use a fan to keep air circulation; as little as possible to airless places.
3.注意饮食卫生,进食禽肉、蛋类要彻底煮熟,加工、保存食物时要注意生、熟分开;养成良好的卫生习惯,搞好厨房卫生,不生食禽肉和内脏。解剖活(死家禽、家畜及其制品后要彻底洗手。
3, pay attention to food hygiene, eating meat, eggs should be thoroughly cooked, processing, preservation of food to the attention of raw, cooked separately; develop good health habits, good kitchen hygiene, do not eat raw poultry meat and offal. Anatomy of living (dead to wash hands thoroughly, livestock and poultry products.
同时,在户外洗手不方便的时候,可以使用免洗洗手液,随身携带,随时随地隔离病菌,呵护您的健康。
At the same time, when the outdoor hand-washing is not convenient, can use hand sanitizer, carry whenever and wherever possible, isolate the pathogen, take care of your health.
4.发现疫情时,应尽量避免与禽类接触;公众特别是儿童应避免密切接触家禽和野禽。
4 found in the epidemic, should avoid contact with poultry; the public especially children should avoid close contact with poultry and wild birds.
5.注意生活用具的消毒处理。禽流感病毒不耐热,100°C下一分钟即可灭活。对干燥、紫外线照射、汞、氯等常用消毒药都很敏感。
5 pay attention to disinfection and living appliances. Avian influenza viruses do not heat, 100 ° C, one minute can be inact
一篇议论文,一般都包括三个部分,就是:“提出问题。分析问题和解决问题”。
开头部分,一般都用来提出问题,完成“提出论点”的任务。这一部分要说清这篇作文所说的“是什么”。
中间部分,一般都占较长的篇幅,分为好几个段落,是这篇作文的“重心”。这个部分应该用来“分析问题”。提出充分的论据(或者摆事实,或者讲道理),去论证论点的任务,主要是在这一部分完成。这一部分要说清这篇作文“为什么”要这样讲。
结尾部分(或者叫“结束部分”),主要是用来完成“解决问题”的任务。具体的方式有:做出结论;指出解决问题的方法;或者二者兼而有之。这一部分是要说清这篇作文要告诉人们“怎么办”。
可以这样说:一篇议论文的安排方式是:“‘提出问题——分析问题——解决问题”,或者说是:“论点——论据——结论”、“是什么——为什么——怎么办”。
第一个要注意的问题是:要用正确的观点去统率材料。
用观点去统率材料,所用的材料能紧紧围绕观点,这是写议论文必须处理好的一个问题。把这个问题处理好,应该从以下几方面上努力;
第一,论点要正确、合理。鲜明。
比如,老师让同学们根据下面~段材料写一篇议论文,这材料的大意是:一天,有两个人去买盾牌。一个人站在卖盾人的左边,说:“这盾是金盾。”一个人站在卖盾人的右边,说:“这盾是银盾。”两人争得面红耳赤。这时卖盾人说:“你们两人都说得不对。这盾既不是金盾,也不是银盾,它一面是金的,一面是银的,是个金银盾。”
我们根据这个材料来写议论文,提出的论点怎样才算是正确,合理、鲜明的呢?
有同学这样讲:这说明干什么都要有群众观点。
有同学这样讲:做什么都不要随便下结论,要深思熟虑,想好了再发表意见。
很明显,上边两种提法都是离开了原材料,提得不着边际。
有的同学这样提出论点:这说明看问题不应该看正面,而应该看反面。
试问:我们看问题难道不应该看到正面,只应该看到反面吗?这说法当然不正确。
有的问学这样提出论点:这说明看问题既要看到事情的正面,也要看到事情的反面,不要只看到某一个方面,还要看到其他方面,总之,看问题要全面,不要片面。
这样提出的论点就比较正确、合理、鲜明。
从以上几种提法可以看出,同学们写议论文提出论点时应该注意:从具体情况出发,并已要选用恰当的词句,说难说对。
最重要的是要‘对清先后主次”;;要弄清哪些该先说,哪些该后说,哪些为主,哪些为次,哪些要多说,说得详细一些,哪些要少说,说得简括一些。这里的关键是要围绕中心。比较常用的方法是:论点在完,分析议论随后,以作出结论收尾。其中分析议论的部分,是先摆事实还是后摆事实,是先讲道理还是后讲道理,就要看具体情况和作者本人的写作习惯而定了。
Nowadays, many famous university campuses have become one of the popular tourist attractions. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that every year thousands and thousands of middle school students visit Tsing Hua University and Peking University and other famous universities in China. In the place far away from the capital city, the local students also visit the universities famous in their own province.
So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to open the university campus for tourists? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing for the students to visit the famous university campus in that it can enable the middle students to get more information about the university and they can have enough time and opportunity to prepare themselves with the chance to get into the university. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, the public tourism will have negative effect on the universities because it will not only do harm to the environment but also to the intellectual atmosphere.
In my opinion, the tourism to the universities is not a good thing. The campus is mainly a place for study. With the increasing tourism on the campus, it will ruin the spiritual atmosphere in this learning field.
首先,提纯范文 “谋篇布局”及结构模板。
第一段:提出问题或现象。Nowadays, … … have become one of the popular … …. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that … ….
第二段:正反列举人们的看法。So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to … …? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing for … … in that … …. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, … … will have negative effect on … … because it will not only do harm to … … but also to … ….
第三段:摆明自己观点。In my opinion, … … is not a good thing. … … With the increasing … …, it will ruin … ….
其次,提纯范文“段落写作”。
段落写作分为统一性,连贯性和完整性三方面。
统一性(unity:段落开头的主题句应该做到不可太宽泛,也不可太具体,做到有较强的概括性才能使下文做到有的放矢的展开。范文第二段首句以设问的方式提出一个问题is it a good or bad thing就有很强的概况性。下文自然会一方面从好的方面说明,另一方面从坏的方面说明。
连贯性(coherence:关联词是使文章段落之间相互连贯的必要条件。范文中nowadays, on one hand, on the other hand, in one’s opinion即以“启承转合”递进的顺序是文章条理清晰,层层展开。
完整性(completeness:以设问句“So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to open the university campus for tourists?”开头,这是平时较少运用的段落写作方式——设问法。“On one hand … …. On the other hand, … ….”是段落写作分类列举法的典型用法。
再次,提纯范文“句子写作”。
1. It has been shown that … …
类似句型:It is known to us that … …
It is said that … …
It is reported that … …
It is controversial that … …
2. “… … Tsing Hua University and Peking University and other famous universities … …。”——并列句。并列句是简单的复杂句。但其运用方法并不简单,注意练习并接句的使用,会使句子显的更加饱满。
3. enable v. 使…能够
I gave him full directions to enable him to find the house.
4. in that = because
表“因为”的连词还有since, for, as,如:
The boy was absent because he was ill. = The boy was absent since he was ill.
此句以我们常用的人称开头,句式简单,我们可以通过把since提前改变句式,如:
Since the boy was ill, he was absent. 句式多样化。
最后,提纯范文“措辞”。
1. attraction n. 具有吸引力的事情。
2. thousands and thousands 成千上万的
形容“多”的表达方法:millions and millions
a multitude of
a great deal of
a large amount of
plenty of
many a
3. “some people argued that … …”中的“argue”并不是“讨论,辩论”的意思,而是“认为”。
I argue that … …
I maintain that … …
I claim that … …
I insist that … … = I think that … …
I hold that … …
I assert that … …
I assume that … …
4. negative adj. 否定的.,相反的
hold negative view = hold opposite opinions
5. phenomenon n. 现象
social phenomenon 社会现象
natural phenomenon 自然现象
6. intellectual adj. 聪明的= intelligent, bright, clever
(选词策略:使用最近所学的单词,如intellectual > intelligent > bright > clever
在分析并掌握范文之后,我们需要运用范文知识练习仿写。笔者运用2005年12月范文中的模板结构仿写了2006年12月的四级作文,以供参考:
1. 许多人喜欢在除夕夜看春节晚会
2. 但有些人提出取消春节晚会
3. 我的看法
Nowadays, the Spring Festival Evening has become one of the popular topic and attractions during every traditional New Year’s Eve. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that every year thousands and thousands of Chinese people appear to be accustomed to enjoying the sights and sounds of a brilliant feast, while gathering with their beloved family.
However, an increasing number of people have voiced different opinions towards it. So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to cancel the Spring Festival Evening? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing to amuse the audience in that it is composed by a numerous adequate programs, such as the emotional song, the graceful dance, the funny short sketch, the amusing comic dialogue, the delightful magic, and the marvelous acrobatics and so on. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, the Spring Festival Evening will have negative effect on the family harmony because it will not only do harm to having the talks between family members on the Spring Festival Eve but also to enjoying the gourmet meal in a fancy restaurant.
In my opinion, the Spring Festival Evening is a good thing. It may not remain a must for all people, but it can bring us a strong sense of festivity and serve as an alternative among the variety of holiday activities. With the increasing audience of the Spring Festival Evening, it will ruin a distinctive culture during the Spring Festival vacation.
to prevent H7N9 we should know some common sense. First of all, it is important for us to prevent H7N9 from ourselves. For example, clean our hands frequently.
Sencondly, do more exercises. Such as running. Lastly, change our diet to keep balence. For example, eat more types of vegetables and drink more water
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