1。hereby
该词意为by means of , by reason of this, by this agreement,“特此”,“因此”,“兹”,“在此”。此词常用作法律、经贸文件、合同、协议书等正式文件的开头语,在合同条款中需特别强调时也可用,表示当事人借此合约,要宣示某种具有法律效力的“意思表示”,如保证、同意、放弃权利等,一般放于主语后,紧邻主语。如:The Company hereby covenants and warrants that…… 意为:By this agreement the Company covenants and warrants that……即:公司在此保证……再如:Both parties hereby agree that……意为:By this agreement both parties agree that……即:双方当事人在此同意……
2。hereof
该词意为:of this agreement,“关于此点”;“在本文件中”,表示上文已提及的“本合同的、本文件的……”,一般置于要修饰的名词的后面,与之紧邻。如:to take effect on the date hereof 意为:to take effect on the date of this agreement 即:于本合约之日期生效。再如:the headings of the sections hereof 意为:the headings of the sections of this agreement 即:本合约各条款之标题。
3。hereto
该词意为:to this agreement,“至此”,“在此”,表示上文已提及的“本合同的……本文件的……”,一般置于要修饰的`名词的后面,与之紧邻。如:both parties hereto 意为both parties to this agreement,即本合约之当事人双方;items specified in Attachment I and hereto 意为:items specified in Attachment I to this agreement 即:本合约之附件I所列之各项。
4。herein
该词意为:in this agreement,“此中”,“于此”,表示上文已提及的“本合同(中)的……,本法(中)的……”等,一般置于所修饰词后,紧邻所修饰词。如:to file a suit in the court agreed to herein 意为:to file a suit in the court agreed to in this agreement 即:向当事人于本合约中同意管辖的法院提起诉讼;再如:to follow the terms and conditions herein 意为:to follow the terms and conditions in this agreement,即:遵守本合约所规定的条件。
5。hereinafter
该词意为:later in the same Contract,“以下”,“在下文”,一般与to be referred to as, referred to as, called 等词组连用,以避免重复。
6。hereunder
该词意为:under this agreement,“在本合约内”、“依据本合约”。如:obligations hereunder,意为obligations under this agreement,即“本合约内的义务”。再如:rights granted hereunder,意为rights granted under this agreement,即“依本合约所赋予的权利”。
Dear Mercy,
How is everything going! Last time you said you are anxious now because you find it hard to learn English well. Don’t worry. I think you have to improve your English step by step. And I will right behind you. In my view, you should develop you interest on English first. According to my experience, I think watching English movie, listen to some wonderful English songs and talk in English on the Internet would be helpful. Secondly, you have to prepare lessons before class that will help you understand what the teacher says in the class. I know you feel bored in the class, but you have force yourself to be concentrated. A few days later you will feel it a little easy to learn English. The left steps I will tell next time. By the way, we have not seen each other since your family move to Hunan a year ago. Have you ever thought about going back to visit me and learn English together in the coming Summer vacation. Looking forward to your reply.
Best wishes,
Li
近年来随着中国古代社会史研究的勃兴,对唐代历史中“社会生活”领域的研究也兴盛起来。但是目前这种研究往往比较笼统,不分时代前后、不分阶层高下、不作定量分析,所以常常使人感觉缺乏具体性。鉴于此,黄正建先生的这篇文章就唐代某一时期某一阶层中的某个个人(士大夫代表:韩愈)的日常生活作些探讨,期望在探讨许多不同的个案之后,将这一时期的日常生活状况具体化,或者能为唐代社会生活史研究的深化提供一点参考。
唐德宗贞元至穆宗长庆期间(785—824年),被近年来的唐代文学史家规定为中唐后期,是“唐文学的第二个繁荣阶段”。从社会历史的角度看,这一时期也大致可以自成一个阶段。这表现在两个方面。一是安史乱后,唐代的政治经济军事等制度出现了混乱,经过肃宗代宗时期的探索,从德宗开始,实行了一系列诸如设立两税、完善俸制、删定敕格、整顿朝仪、理顺使职、发扬礼典等措施,整个贞元长庆间应该说社会已经走入正轨,成为一个整理整顿制度的时期,一个大致有秩序的时期,像代宗“大历中权臣月俸有至九千贯者”的状况已经不复存在。第二,导致唐代灭亡的几个重要矛盾还没有发展到极端:藩镇割据问题还处于中央和割据藩镇的较量阶段,元和年间甚至取得了胜利;宦官专政也远未达到操生***大权的程度,宪宗曾对宰臣李绛说,得宠的宦官吐突承璀“此家奴耳……若有违犯,朕去之轻如一毛耳”;牛李党争只是初露端倪,从史籍看,到元和末长庆间唐代君臣才开始注意党争问题。因此这一时期大致是一个相对安定、政治上尚有活力的时期。而在这一时期之后,上述三大矛盾就愈演愈烈,终于达到不可收拾的地步了。
所谓“文人型官员”,首先他们是官员,那些没有做官的处士游客,即使能“文”,也不在我们的研究范围内。其次他们是文人,那些武将节帅,即使做了大官,我们也不研究,只可以用作比较的对象。文人型官员又大都“不喜为吏”、“惟酷好学问文章”,在这一点上不同于一般的文官。文人型官员从生活水平看可以大致划分为三个阶层(详后)。有的文人型官员逐渐从低层走向高层,而有的则一辈子只生活在低层。
选择贞元长庆间文人型官员进行研究的另一个重要原因在于这一阶段是文学的繁荣特别是“文”的繁荣时期,许多文人型官员为我们留下了大量的诗文特别是“文”。受社会风气影响,这些“文”中涉及个人生活的东西相对多了一些。因此虽然总的来说唐代史料对于研究日常生活仍不够丰富,但就这一阶段而言,与初唐、盛唐和晚唐相比,可供利用的资料还是相对比较多的。
韩愈是文人也是官员,贞元二年(786年)十九岁时初来长安,长庆四年(824年)五十七岁时病故,恰与这一阶段相始终,因此我们首选他作为贞元长庆间文人型官员的一个个案。以下的研究,想首先揭示韩愈对日常生活的看法,其次探讨他的总的生活水平,最后看看他的具体的日常生活。
1。thereof
以”there”为前缀加上介词构成的词,如thereafter, thereby, therein, thereinafter, thereinbefore, thereon, thereof, thereunder, thereupon, therewith等,在文中具体指什么,需要读者依照合同的上下文来判断,因而理解起来比较复杂,请看下例:
This Agreement is written in the English language。 In case of any discrepancy between the English version and any translation thereof, the English text shall govern。 句中”the English version and any translation thereof”从上下文判断意为 “the English version and any translation of the English version”,即thereof一词代替of the English version。与以here开头的词如hereof的理解方法类似。
2。therein
该词意为in that, in that particular
context, in that respect,“在那里”,“在那点上”,“在那方面”,表示上文已提及的“合同中的”“工程中的”。如:the contract or any part thereof意为the contract or any part of the contract,合同或合同的任何部分。
3。thereto
该词意为:to that,“随附”,“附之”,如:“Contract Products” means the products specified in Appendix 2 to this Contract, together with all improvements and modifications thereof or developments with respect thereto。 句中or developments with respect thereto 意为:or developments with respect to the developments。
4。thereunder
该词意为:under that, “在其下”,“依照”,如:The Borrower fails to pay any amount payable thereunder as and when such amount shall become payable。 句中any amount payable thereunder意为any amount payable under the contract。
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